№7 2021 [СПО]
32
Proficient Listener
Discourse markers
Discourse markers play an essential role in both bottom-
up and top-down processing [4], [7]. Macro-markers
show transitions in the listening passage activating
listeners’ expectations and predictions about what
the speech will be about (top-down processing) [12,
c.123] or it helps when a speaker changes a topic, or
wants to add an example, or returns to some of the
ideas mentioned earlier in case the attention was lost
or a listener was distracted. For example, when a native
speaker hears the following “So the takeaway from all
of this is…” he may understand that probably that would
be the last information he is going to hear or when
a listener hears “The key point is…” this is a verbal
clue for him that this is an important idea which should
be remembered. Knowing the functions of discourse
markers can tremendously improve the comprehension
level.
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