Современное педагогическ
Analysis Interaction processes
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- №7 2021 [СПО] 32 Proficient Listener Discourse markers
| Analysis
Interaction processes Throughout the time various scholars proposed multiple definitions of listening depending on the focus of their attention. The best way to describe all processes while listening is to look at bottom-up and top-down processing [1], [5], [10], [11]. In Brown’s view [2] top- down processing can be described as the process of “using our prior knowledge and experiences; we know certain things about certain topics and situations and use that information to understand” [2, c. 2]. That is to say, in order to get the meaning, learners use their background knowledge or schemata. At the same time, bottom-up processing relies on “the information we have about sounds, word meanings, and discourse markers like first, then and after that to assemble our understanding of what we read or hear one step at a time” [2, c. 2]. During bottom-up processing, learners get a message from sounds putting them in words thus interpreting what they are listening to. It is highly essential to point out that each listener may use ether the first decoding process or the second one depending on the listening purpose. №7 2021 [СПО] 32 Proficient Listener Discourse markers Discourse markers play an essential role in both bottom- up and top-down processing [4], [7]. Macro-markers show transitions in the listening passage activating listeners’ expectations and predictions about what the speech will be about (top-down processing) [12, c.123] or it helps when a speaker changes a topic, or wants to add an example, or returns to some of the ideas mentioned earlier in case the attention was lost or a listener was distracted. For example, when a native speaker hears the following “So the takeaway from all of this is…” he may understand that probably that would be the last information he is going to hear or when a listener hears “The key point is…” this is a verbal clue for him that this is an important idea which should be remembered. Knowing the functions of discourse markers can tremendously improve the comprehension level. жүктеу/скачать 4.6 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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