Organization script
A script is “a sequence of activities associated with
a stereotypical situation” [12]. With the help of this
knowledge a native speaker is ready for a listening
passage framework. For example, a presentation is
comprised of an introduction, presentation outline,
key ideas, conclusion. Thus, when a native speaker
listens to a presentation, he knows that if he is distracted
somewhere in the middle of the presentation, he can
easily get the general idea in the end of the talk because
the speaker is going to present this in his summary.
Inference
Inference is a part of a top-down processing which can
be described as a thinking skill when a listener makes
deductions of what has been said without having obvious
proofs in the listening passage [15, c. 84]. A listener can
infer only in case this person has already been in this
situation and knows what typically happens and he
draws parallels between the situation you are in and
his experience (schemata). For example, when a native
speaker listens to a presentation and he doesn’t hear
some of the word he is going to rely on other verbal
clues (key stressed words) which will help him to infer
the meaning of what has been said.
Connected speech
Connected speech represents bottom-up processing
of information. According to Thornbury S., connected
speech is represented by unisolated speech sounds
in the speech stream [12, c. 46–47] having the effect
on each other. A native speaker always listens to
a rapid speech. Relying on his linguistic knowledge and
communication experience developed since childhood,
he knows that some words get connected, modifying
the sounds of each other or, some of the sounds may
simply disappear, or the words get connected by adding
a new sound between, etc. For example:
“That was a good concert.”
In this sentence the last sound /d/ of the word good
assimilates to the next sound /g/ of the next word
“concert”.
“See you next day”
Here one can see how the last sound /t/ disappears
when saying together with the next word.
“I saw it happen.”
In this example two vowel sounds meet and to
simplify the process of pronouncing it a phoneme /r/
is added.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |