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Text 2C 
Bottom-up and top-down planning 
There are two different planning strategies. Bottom-up land use 
planning assumes a concept which understands rural development to 
be a process based on self-help and self-responsibility. 
The population should actively participate in the process of land 
use planning. The result of planning and the implementation of meas-
ures can only be sustainable if plans are made with and by the people, 
not behind them or even against them. Planning is therefore not just a 
matter for experts, but should be carried out together with those af-
fected by it. To ensure a feeling of ownership concerning self-help ac-
tivities, people who are affected have to be involved in the planning 
process from the early beginning. 
Starting at the local level, bottom-up planning means active par-
ticipation of the land users who will eventually implement the land 
use plan already at the identification of the land use problem. The 
other stages of the planning cycle, help to identify and prioritize be-
tween different options. 
In some cases, especially in situations involving large areas or 
large investments it might be more efficient to focus land use planning 
at higher administrative level. It is called top-down land use planning. 
It allows to get results of planning which will be integrated with exist-
ing planning administration and legislation. 
The two planning strategies each have their own advantages and 
disadvantages and care should be taken not to rely upon only one 
strategy. Sometimes there are such actual planning situations when 
one should choose the most appropriate strategy to follow and often 
mix both of them to get the most satisfying result. 
There are some of the advantages of bottom – up land use plan-
ning. They include local targets, management and benefits: people 
will be more enthusiastic about a plan seen as their own. More popular 
awareness of land use problems and opportunities are available. Plans 
can pay close attention to local constraints: natural resources or socio-
economic problems. Better information is fed upwards for higher lev-
els of planning. 
But there are also different disadvantages. Local interests some-
times can conflict with regional or national interests. Difficulties occur 
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in integrating local plans within a wider framework. There is limited 
technical knowledge at the local level. Technical agencies need to 
make a big investment in widely scattered places. Local efforts may 
collapse because of a lack of higher-level support. 

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