Шет тілдері факультеті Шет тілдері практикалық курсы кафедрасы АҒылшын тілі «География» мамандығы бойынша студенттердің практикалық сабағына арналған әдістемелік құрал Павлодар

3.5 нұсқа

Differences in the scale of such environmental interrelationships are well illustrated by the Everglades National Park in southern Florida. Drought inflicted that area, with disastrous destruction of its unique flora and fauna. To begin with, the drought’s lowering of the water surface reduce the number of alligators, and this in turn meant fewer of the water holes that are hollowed out by these largest inhabitants of the swamp. As a result there are fewer of the smaller aquatic organisms that live in the alligator holes and that furnish food for the birds of the region, and so there are fewer birds. On the interregional basis, we find that the water level in the Everglades is determined not only by the rainfall within the region but also by the inflow of water from adjacent swampy areas to the north. And of course drought in southern Florida resulted not from any local conditions but from changes in the world-wide weather patterns.

Thus, the web of interaction ships make the earth environment a very vulnerable one, for change of just one factor may set in motion a sequence of reactions that will upset the whole system. For instance, widespread use of insecticides can eliminate not only insects but also both the birds that feed on them and the plants that are polluted by them. It is now realized that much of man’s destructive effect on the environment results from such chain reactions; and even when there seems to be only a simple and direct attack on nature the probability of related effects must always be taken into account, as a brief mention of other examples will illustrate.

Within the Everglades, for example, man has made this sort of direct attack by illegally killing large numbers of alligators to profit by the sale of their skins. And inflow of water from the regions to the north has been reduced not only by the drought but also by drainage schemes developed there in support of agricultural and settlement programs.

Deforestation of a hillside offers another case of both direct and indirect damage. Where the trees have been cut down there are also local changes in the microclimate, in the vegetation, and in the fauna, and there is increased runoff, with resulting flooding, soil erosion, siltation, and lowering of the water table. Flood initiated in such an area may also spread far out into distant regions, as may the accompanying siltation.

Man’s destruction of the environment is not new, of course. Even in Neolithic time fire, often described as man’s first tool, was used directly against the fauna, for it made possible large kills, even when hunting implements were still very simple. Such hunting was probably a major factor in the extinction of a number of large mammal species in late Pleistocene time, and inevitably their loss initiated other change other changes in the ecology.

In spite of these rather impressive results, however, early man could more or less ignore his own damage to the environment. With his small numbers he didn’t fully occupy the earth, and so, having damaged it in one area, he could always find a new region where he could always find a new region where he could make a fresh start. With simple technology he had to work hard to meet his needs, and so his per capita consumption remained small, and non-consumable goods were usually carefully saved and reused. He used chiefly renewable resources, and because of his small numbers and his small per capita demands he didn’t usually exploit these more rapidly than nature renewed them. Since he changed them very little from their natural form, the waste products from their use could easily decompose, and this prevented the development of any serious problems to waste disposal.

Today our situation has changed greatly in many ways. It is no longer possible to escape from the effects of our own destruction of the environment by moving on to new regions. Greater demands are being made of mineral resources, which in some cases have been largely exhausted; and maintenance of renewable resources is hampered by over- exploitation. More complicated chemical processing of nature’s raw materials has attacked the environment in a number of new ways. It has given us pesticides and herbicides that destroy the flora and fauna on a massive scale. It yields new types of waste products that pollute air, water, and that contribute to our waste disposal problem because they are non-degradable. Plastics, for example, and many pesticides and detergents remain undecomposed indefinitely. Most of these problems are further aggravated by the growing concentrations of large numbers of people in urban regions.

Thus we see that the earth is not indestructible and inexhaustible, as was so long thought but highly vulnerable to the destructive impact of man. It is a delicately balanced system that can easily be damaged, and some of its individual parts can be completely destroyed, beyond man’s power to reconstruct them.

Earth scientists of many kinds must work toward developing an ever fuller understanding of the earth environment, especially its interrelationships, and geographers should to carry on this work, both by undertaking some of the basic research and by correlating the work done by others and interpreting its significance.

If the results of such investigations are to be put to use, however, they must be passed on to the general public, and for this kind of education no other professional group is so well equipped as are geographers. It is their task to develop a citizenry informed on environmental matters. The citizenry must learn to recognize our fundamental dependence on the earth, and they must recognize that the earth environment is a wonderful, beautiful, and complex system of interrelated parts, easily damaged by man’s thoughtless attacks upon it.

Мәтінге түсініктеме:

1) degree - дәреже;

2) interrelated - өзара байланысты;

3) interrelationship - бір бірімен байланыс;

4) tie - байланыс;

5) lower - төмендету, кішірейту;

6) in turn - өз кезегінде;

7) determine - анықтау;

8) vulnerable - сезімтал;

9) eliminate - жою;

10) result from - себеп-салдары;

11) probability - ықтималдылық;

12) spread - жайылу;

13) decompose - іру;

14) prevent – ескерту;

15) raw material - шикізат;

16) yield - беру, шығару;

17) completely – толық;

18) set in motion – шақыру;

19) upset - бұзу;

20) Pleistocene - плейстоценге жататын;

21) no longer - енді қайтып;;

22) general public - жұртшылық;

23) citizens - ел-жұрт;

24) whole - тұтас.
3.5.2 Сөз таптарына назар аудара отырып, мына интернациональдық сөздерді оқып, аударыңыз

geologist, hydrologist, climatologist, biologist, geographer, region, illustrate, unique, flora, fauna, alligator, local, factor, microclimate, neolithic, ignore, start, pesticide, herbicide, plastic, detergent, concentration, balanced, reconstruct, inform

destruction, surface, food, level, rainfall, inflow, insecticide, insect, feed, pollute, deforestation, damage, consumption, vegetation, runoff, flood, soil erosion, siltation, water table, fire, reuse, renewable resources, waste products, waste(s) disposal, exhaust, maintenance, processing

1) annual rainfall, daily rainfall, abundant rainfall, artificial rainfall;

2) soil vegetation, wild vegetation, aquatic vegetation, natural vegetation, stabilizing vegetation;

3) reuse waste, reuse water, reuse wastepaper, reuse non-consumable goods;

4) renew forests, renew the supplies of coal;

5) dry processing, waste processing, wood processing, thermal processing, mechanical processing, wastepaper processing;

6) frost damage, flood damage, wind damage, vegetation damage, ecological damage, environmental damage;

7) destruction of soil, destruction of ecosystems, destruction of species of plants and animals, destruction of the ozone screen in the lower stratosphere;

8) city flooding, land flooding, controlled flooding;

9) annual runoff, surface runoff, polluting runoff, continental runoff.

direct-indirect; evitable-inevitable; exhaustible-inexhaustible; vulnerable-invulnerable; destructible-indestructible; degradable-non-degradable; depletable - non-depletable; decomposed-undecomposed

1. The component parts of the earth environment are parts of a larger whole, aren’t they?

2. What are the consequences of the drought’s lowering of the water surface?

3. What makes the earth environment a very vulnerable one?

4. What damages may lead the cutting down of forests?

5. What was a major factor in the extinction of a number of large mammal species in late Pleistocene time?

6. What has attacked the environment in a number of new ways?

7. Plastics, pesticides and detergents remain undecomposed indefinitely, don’t they?

8. Why can be the earth (delicately balanced system) easily damaged?

9. What is the task of geographers?

2 Завгородняя В.Л., Вихман Т.М.. Природа и человек: пособие по обучению чтению на английском языке. – М., 1987.  С. 10 – 87.

3 Комарова А.И., Окс И.Ю. География мира: уроки английского. – Астрль, 2001. – С. 102.

4 Коссович П.В. Поговорим о Казахстане: aнглийский язык для учащихся старших классов.  Астана, 2002.  С.12 – 15.