Шет тілдері факультеті Шет тілдері практикалық курсы кафедрасы АҒылшын тілі «География» мамандығы бойынша студенттердің практикалық сабағына арналған әдістемелік құрал Павлодар

Seasons and Weather

There are four seasons in the year: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Each of them lasts three months.

Every new year begins in winter, on the first of January. This day is a holiday in our country and people decorate their flats with New Year trees.

In our country winter is usually a cold season. It often snows, the rivers and lakes are frozen over. The average temperature is about 15-20 degrees below zero. The most unpleasant thing about winter is that the sun sets early and rises late - especially in December and January. The days are short, the sky is often grey, nature is sleeping and sometimes it gets rather boring.

But at the end of March the weather gets gradually milder. The sun shines more brightly. The days become longer, snow begins melting. Spring comes and nature awakens after a long sleep of winter. All kinds of plants and flowers (snowdrops, tulips, primeroses, etc.) come out. The grass is amazingly fresh. I can’t help loving it. The birds return from the South and make their nests. They look so happy and cheerful. I feel happy with them too listening to their pleasant songs. The farmers begin the sowing campaign. They fertilize the soil, plough the fields, plant trees and vegetables. Everybody is automatically much happier in spring. You feel as if you were born anew.

Spring is followed by summer. The weather gets still warmer and sometimes it is very hot. The sky is blue and cloudless. But sometimes there are storms with thunder and lightning. The gardens are gay with flowers all summer months. The corn gets golden in the fields. In summer people spend much time in the open air. They find time to get to the forest, to swim in the river, to sunbathe. Summer is a vacation time. I like it very much, but my favourite season is spring. As the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin said: “Oh, summer, fine! I’d love you but for the heat, the mosquitos and flies”.

Autumn comes in September with the beginning of the school year. Early autumn is still the harvest time, the time when fruits and vegetables become ripe. It is also a very beautiful time of the year, when the weather is still warm and the leaves change their colour from green to yellow and red. Everything around is greenish-gold.

Late autumn is less beautiful. It gets colder, the days are shorter, in the morning it often freezes. Last leaves fall from trees and cover the ground. There’s much rain and fog. Birds fly away to warm countries. Low and heavy clouds hang in the sky. The landscape gets rather dull. Nature slowly falls asleep for winter.

In fact every season has its fine days and is pleasant in its own way. And it is not difficult to see this beauty.

Мәтінге түсіндірме:

1) weather forecast - ауа райын болжау;

2) right – жарық;

3) awaken - ояну;

4) melt - еру;

5) freeze - қату;

6) cover - жабу;

7) become - қалпына келу;

8) it gets – қалпына келді;

9) strong - күшті;

10) dry - құрғақ;

11) mild - жұмсақ;

12) wet - сулы

13) thunder - күннің күркіреуі;

14) lightning - найжағай;

15)landscape - пейзаж, көрініс;

16) grass - шөп;

17) ground - жер;

18) average - орта, орташа;

19) sowing campaign - егін егу;

20) fertilize the soil - топырақты құнарландыру;

21) plough the fields - жер жырту;

22) harvest - егін;

23) ripe - піскен;

24) grow – өсу.

1.1.2 Ерекшелендірілген сөздер мен сөз тіркестерін қолданып, сөйлем құраңыз:

1) There are four seasons in the year;

2) Each season lasts three months;

3) Last winter was very snowy;

4) It often rains in autumn.


1.1.3 Rainy, sunny, snowy немесе windy сөздерін қойыңыздар:

1) When it rains people say that the weather is …;

2) When it snows they say it is …;

3) When the wind blows, it is … ;

4) When the sun shines, the weather is …;

5) Winter is … in our Republic, but not in England;

6) There are many … days in autumn;

7) We had a … summer last year;

8) When it is … we take umbrellas.
1.1.4 Келесі сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз

1. How many seasons are there in the year?

2. What are they?

3. How long does each season last?

4. In what season of the year does nature return to life?

5. What is the nature like in spring?

6. Which season is the hottest in the year?

7. Why do people like to have their holidays in summer?

8. Do you like stay in town or do you go to the country in summer?

9. What season is the harvest time?

10. Is the weather pleasant in September?

11. Does it rain in autumn?

12. What is the shortest (longest) day of the year?

13.What is the busiest season of the year?

14. Which is your favourite season and why?
1.1.5 There is, there are құрылымды сөйлемдерді мәтіннен тауып, көшіріп алыңыз да, казақ тіліне аударыңыз.

Мысалы

There are four seasons in the year: winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Сold – colder - the coldest

Вeautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful

1.2 нұсқа
1.2.1 Мәтінді оқып, қазақ тіліне аударыңыз

London
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world (together with Tokyo and New York) and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million.

London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old. It has more than a 20-century-old history. Traditionally it is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are very different from each other.

The city is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are concentrated here, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey. Few people live in the City but over a million come to work here. Two masterpieces are situated within the City: St. Paul’s Cathedral was built in the 17^th century by Christopher Wren. The tower of London was built in the 11^th century. It was used as a fortress, a palace and a prison. Now it is a museum.

Westminster is the aristocratic official part of London. It includes Buckingham Palace where the Queen lives and the Houses of Parliament stretching for nearly 1000 feet along the north bank of the Thames.

The Clock tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell, known as “Big Ben”. Westminster Abbey is the place where coronation of nearly all kings and queens has taken place. Many of them are buried here as well as some other famous people of the country (G. Chaucer, I. Newton, Ch. Dickens, T. Hardy, R. Kipling, etc.).

The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is a symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, restaurants, shops, clubs, parks and houses are situated there. English aristocracy lives in this district. One of the busiest streets in the West End is Oxford Street. There are many various shops here which attract customers from different countries of the world.

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in the memory of Admiral Nelson’s victory at the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson’s Column stands in the middle of the square.

Opposite the Nelson monument is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. They contain the finest art collections in the world. Not far from the National Gallery is the British Museum famous for its rich library (about 7,000,000 books).

The East End is an industrial district of London there. The region is densely populated by working class families, those people who have built the palaces of the West End. Old residents of the East End are proud to be called cockneys which means true Londoners, hereditary inhabitants of the area. They love the district very much.

Мәтінге түсіндірме:

1) capital – астана;

2) centre – орталық;

3) region – аудан;

4) palace - ) сарай;

5) royal - корольдік;

6)fortress - қамал;

7) cathedral - собор;

8) victim - жеңіс;

9) stretch - жазылу;

10) residence - резиденция;

11) masterpiece - ғажайып өнер;

12) wealth – байлық;

13) inhabit - қоныстандыру;

14) resident - тұрғын;

15) attract attention – назар аудару;

16) contain - ұстау;

17) occupy – орын алу;

18) the Bank of England – Ағылшын банкі;

19) the Stock Exchange – Лондон қор биржасы;

20) the Old Bailey – Олд-Бейлиде орналасқан Орталық қылмысты істер соты.
1.2.2 Төмендегі сөздер мен сөз тіркестерін қолданып, сөйлемдер құрастырыңыз:

-20 centuries old;

- business centre;

- official residence;

- in the memory;

- to contain.

1) London is situated on the banks of the river … .

2) The oldest part of London is … .

3) The aristocratic official part of London is called … .

4) The symbol of wealth and luxury is … .

5) The industrial part of London is called … .

6) Most Government offices in London are situated in … street.

7) The official residence of the Prime Minister is in … .

8) The place where Monarch lives is called … .

9) The place of meetings and demonstrations in London is called ... .

10) The largest park in London is … .

11) Old residents of the East End call themselves … .

1. What is the capital of Great Britain?

2. Is London a big city?

3. What is its population?

4. What river does London stand on?

5. What parts is London divided into?

6. What is the West End famous for?

7. What do you know about the British Museum?

8. Is London a city of big contrasts?
1.2.5 Досыңыздан сұраңыз:

- if he has ever been to London;

- if it is possible to see anything of London in one day;

- whether he knows the history of Britain;

- what famous theatres he knows in London;

- what big university he knows in London;

- what places of interest he would like to see first.
1.2.6 Предлогтарды қойыңыз:

1) Two masterpieces are situated … the City;

2) The region is densely populated … working class families;

3) Westminster is the aristocratic official part … London;

4) The tall Nelson’s Column stands … the middle of the square;

5) It is a symbol …wealth and luxury. English aristocracy lives … this region;

6) One … the busiest streets … the West End is Oxford Street;

7) It was named … the memory … Admiral Nelson’s victory at the battle … Trafalgar in 1805;

8) … the Nelson monument is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery.
1.2.7 Ырықсыз етісті етістікті сөйлемдерді көшіріп алыңызда қазақ тіліне аударыңыз


1.3 нұсқа
1.3.1 Мәтінді оқып, қазақ тіліне аударыңыз

The Geography of the USA
The USA is the 4^th largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It is situated in central North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It borders on Canada in the north and Mexico in the south and has a sea-border with Russia. It also includes Alaska and Hawaii. The total area of the country is 9,4 million square kilometers. The enormous size of the country influences the diversity of landscape, climate and even people.

The USA is a federal republic, union of 50 states. The capital of the country Washington is situated in a special federal area called the District of Columbia.

The population of the country is about 260 million people. They are the people of all races and nationalities, either descendants of immigrants or immigrants who have come to America from all countries of the world in search of independence and self-realization. It’s impossible to generalize about the weather, the landscape and the way of living because the nation occupies nearly half of the continent, which is divided into 4 time zones and has almost every type of climate. If you look at the map of the USA you’ll see snow-topped mountains and flat prairies, fertile valleys and deserts, the areas of tropical heat and artic cold.

One of the most important geographical boundaries in the USA is the 50-centimeters rainfall line, which runs from north to south almost through the middle of the country. East of the line farming is relatively easy and the population is large. The are man-made irrigation systems, dry farming, grazing and fewer people west of the line.

The West is a mountainous area of the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley in Alaska (6,000 meters). As compared with the Appalachians in the east, the Rocky Mountains are sharp and rugged, over 4,000 meters high, rich in gold, copper, lead, silver and other minerals.

The USA has many thousands of streams. Some of them are mightily rivers, which flow lazily across the valleys. Others rush swiftly down deep canyons and steep gorges. The longest are the Mississipi (6,400 kilometers), “the father of waters”, the Missouri (1,600 kilometers), “too thin to plough and too thick to drink”, the Colorado wild, restless and angry, the Columbia full of quiet dignity and the Rio Grand (3,200 kilometers), a national boundary between the USA and Mexico. The Colorado forms the Grand Canyon, which strikes one’s imagination as a fabulous phenomenon of nature. Its perpendicular walls go up to 1,500 meters above the river level. The USA has thousands of lakes of all kinds and sizes. The Great Lakes make up the largest group; they are the greatest collection of fresh water lakes in the world with the total area equal to that of Great Britain. Here the famous Niagara Falls precipitate from the height of 50 meters. Among salty lakes the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Salton Sea in California are the most famous. They are rich in salt (6,000 million tons).

The climate of the country varies greatly from arctic in Alaska, through continental in the central part to subtropical in the south. The climate along the Pacific coast is warmer than that of the Atlantic coast. The temperature changes little between winter and summer there. In the eastern part the difference between summer and winter is distinct, but not so extreme as in the north central part where the difference between winter and summer is 36 degrees C and even more.

Among the largest cities of the USA are New York, Los Angels, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco and others. But a great proportion of the country consists of open land marked with farm-houses and small towns.

The USA is one of the greatest industrial and leading nations in the world. With only about 5 % of the world’s population and about 6 % of its land area, the USA produces around 25 % of the world’s industrial products, agricultural goods and services. It’s world’s leader in biochemical and genetic engineering, aerospace research and development, communications, computer and information services and similar high-technology fields. One of the reasons is America’s vitality, its spirit of enterprise and initiative as well as its size and natural resources.

Мәтінге түсініктеме:

1) boundary - шекара;

2) boundary - мыс;

3) descendant - ұрпақ;

4) desert - шөл, қуаң дала, шөл дала;

5) dignity - игілік, адамгершілік, қуандылық;

6) distinct - ерекшеленген;

7) diversity - сан алуандық;

8) enormous - үлкен, орасан;

9) enterprise - тапкырлық, іскарлік, пысықтық;

10) extreme - шеткі;

11) fabulous - таңқаларлық, ертегідей.

12) fertile – құнарлы;

13) generalize – жинақтау;

14) gorge - шатқал, сай;

15) grazing жайылым;

16) irrigation - суландыру;

17) mighty - қуатты;

18) plough - жырту;

19) precipitate - құлату, түсіру, лақтыру;

20) restless - мазасыз;

21) rugged - тегіс емес, тілгіленген

22) rush - ұшқыр қимылдау;

23) steep тік, тіп-тік, құламалы;

24) stretch - жазылу;

25) strike - таңдандыру;

26) swiftly - тез, жылдам, шапшақ;

27) valley - жазық алқап;

28) vitality – өміршендік.
1.3.2 Түсіп қалған сөздерді орнына қойыңыз:

1) The USA is situated in … North America and … from the Pacific

to the Atlantic Ocean;

2) It is impossible to … about the weather, the landscape and the way of living because … occupies nearly half of a continent, which is … into four time zones and has almost every type of … ;

3) West of the line there are man-made … systems, dry-farming, … and fewer people;

4) As compared with the Appalachians in the east, the Rockies are … and … , over 4,000 meters high, rich in …, …, …, … and other minerals;

5) The Colorado forms the … …, which strikes one’s imagination as a fabulous … of nature;

6) Here the famous Niagara Falls … from the height of 50 meters;

7) The climate of the country varies greatly from … in Alaska, through … in the central part to … in the south;

8) The USA is one of the greatest … and the leading … nations in the world.

1) The USA borders on Canada in the north and Mexico in the south and has a sea-border with

а) Great Britain;

б) Russia;

в) Japan.

2) The capital of the country Washington is situated

а) in a special federal area called the District of Columbia;

б) in the state of Washington;

в) in the centre of the country.

3) East of the 50-centimeters rainfall line

а) fewer people live;

б) the population is large;

в) there are thousands of streams.

4) The climate along the Pacific coast

а) is very cold;

б) is warmer than that of the Atlantic coast;

в) is mild.

5) Among the largest cities of the USA are

а) New York, Los Angeles and Washington;

б) Seattle, Miami and Santa Barbara;

в) Manchester, Liverpool, Dresden.
1.3.4 Сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз

1. What is the territory of the USA?

2. How many states are there in the USA?

3. What can you see if you look at the map of the USA?

4. What is the West like?

5. What are the longest rivers?

6. There are no lakes in the USA, are there?

7. Where is the difference between summer and winter temperatures the most distinct?

8. In what fields of economy is the USA the world’s leader?
1.3.5 Мәтіннен күшетпелі шырайлы сын есімді сөйлемдерді көшіріп алыңыз

Мысалы

Among salty lakes the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Salton Sea in California are the most famous.

The climate along the Pacific coast is warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.

1) The USA is situated in central North America and stretches … the Pacific … the Atlantic Ocean;

2) It borders … Canada in the north and Mexico in the south and has a sea-border … Russia;

3) The USA is a federal republic, union … 50 states;

4) The capital of the country Washington is situated in a special federal area called the District … Columbia;

5) If you look … the map of the USA you’ll see snow-topped mountains and flat prairies, fertile valleys and deserts, the areas … tropical heat and artic cold.

Kazakhstan relatively developed economic structure is based on its vast deposits of natural resources such as ore, oil, natural gas. In addition Kazakhstan is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products – primarily grain, wool and meat. The main branches of industry are metallurgy, production of heavy machinery, industrial equipment, chemicals, textiles and processed food. National currency of Kazakhstan is Tenge.

Kazakhstan is divided into 5 main zones, according to climatic and economic conditions. They are: Eastern, Northern, Central, Southern and Western Kazakhstan.

Eastern Kazakhstan is about 1.7 mln. people. The main cities are Semipalatinsk, Oskemen, Zyryanovsk. The region is rich in polymetal ores, containing lead, zinc, copper, gold, silver. The main branches of industry are metallurgy and production of heavy machinery, non-ferrous metallurgy, machine- building, timber cutting.

Northern Kazakhstan is the granary of the country, about three quarters of agricultural land is used for grain production. The useful minerals are deposits of iron, hard coal, limestone: industries include machine – building, instrumental and food processing.

Central Kazakhstan covers the territory of 398 square km. The main cities are: Karaganda, Jeskazgan, Temirtau. The population is overwhelmingly urban – more than 80 per cent live in cities. The region is famous for hard coal deposits; about 30 per cent of the Republic’s hard coal stocks are concentrated in Central Kazakhstan. Highly developed industries are: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry and construction industry.

The population density of Southern Kazakhstan is the highest in the Republic. The main cities are: Almaty (the former capital of the state), Kyzylorda, Aralsk, Taraz, Shymkent. The region is the main center of irrigated agriculture with well-developed cotton, sugar, beet and rice growing.

Western Kazakhstan is mainly famous for its mineral resources such as oil, gas, chromate, copper. The Tengis oil field is one of the largest in the world. The region attracts foreign investments to stimulate the development of the industry in the region.

1) data – мәліметтер;

2) urban – қалалық ;

3) rural – селолық;

4) deposits – қор;

5) ore – кен;

6) currency – валюта;

7) lead – қорғасын

8) copper – мыс;

9) non - түсті металлургия;

10) granary – сарқылмас астық қоры;

11) limestone – әк тас;

12) viticulture - жүзім шаруашылығы.
1.4.2. Төмендегі етістіктерден зат есім жасап, аударыңыз:

- to export;

- to import;

- to concentrate;

- to construct;

- to develop;

- to product;

- to calculate.

1) The population of Kazakhstan is …;

2) Kazakhstan borders on … to the North;

3) To the West Kazakhstan borders on …;

4) The main cities of Eastern Kazakhstan are …;

5) About 30 per cent of the Republic hard coal stocks are concentrated in…;

6) Western Kazakhstan is mainly famous for …;

7) Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry and construction industry are highly developed in ….

- to stretch;

- to border;

- to develop;

- to divide;

- to concentrate;

- to attract;

- to stimulate;

- to live;

- to produce;

- to export.
1.4.5 Мәтін бойынша сұраққа жауап беріңіз

1. What is the population of Kazakhstan?

2. What is the national currency of Kazakhstan?

3. Name the main cities of Kazakhstan?

4. Where is the highest population density in Kazakhstan?

5. What is Southern Kazakhstan famous for?

6. What kind of region is Northern Kazakhstan?

7. What countries does Kazakhstan border on to the North, to the West, to the East, to the South?

8. Give the description of Central Kazakhstan?
1.4.6 Мәтіннен ырықсыз етісті етістікті сөйлемдерді тауып, шақтық түрлі тұлғасын анықтаңыз

Мысалы

Kazakhstan is divided into 5 main zones, according to climatic and economic conditions. ­ - Present Simple Passive

1) 55 per cent;

2) 45 per cent;

3) 1600;

5) 1.7 mln.;

6) 398 square km.;

7) 1.7 mln.;

8) 1600 km..
1.4.8. Төмендегі етістіктерден Participle I тұлғасын жасаныз

Мысалы

to play – playing

to live, to produce, to export to stretch, to border, to develop, to import