Учебно-методический комплекс для студентов неязыковых специальностей Новополоцк пгу 2013 (075. 8) Ббк 81. 262я73 К50

Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of men, materials and equipment; drawing upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design, to specify, predict, and evaluate the results obtained from such systems. The scope of industrial engineering is broadening to assist management in optimizing the gains and minimizing the risks of an enterprise.

1. 
   Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate them.
   

2. 
   Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and voice.
   

11. 
    We didn’t notice when my sister came in.
    
12. 
    Vehicles play an important part in road safety.
    

3. 
   Economical problems came to the forefront immediately after this.
   
4. 
   Peter has worked hard and now knows English much better.
   
5. 
   The colour of petroleum varies.
   

3. 
   Put the sentences into the negative form.
   

11. 
    I consider the engineering profession to be difficult.
    
12. 
    The equipment of that plant was modern.
    
13. 
    He has won the competition in judo.
    
14. 
    It takes me 20 minutes to get home from here.
    
15. 
    This technology will produce some negative effect on the environment.
    

9. 
   She saw the most wonderful beaches in Spain. ( alternative, special, disjunctive)
   
10. 
    There has always been a lot of work in the fish market. ( general, special, disjunctive)
    
11. 
    My niece does her homework easily. (alternative, special, disjunctive)
    
12. 
    They have understood the technical ideas of the German partner. (general, special)
    

Если отвлечься от теоретических споров, то можно сказать что, как в русском, так и в английском языке есть 2 залога: действительный (Active voice) и страдательный (Passive voice).

Действительный залог показывает, что подлежащее само выполняет действие, выраженное сказуемым.

Страдательный залог показывает, что подлежащее только испытывает действие, которое производит кто-то другой.

Например

Студент пишет письмо. - The student writes a letter,

Письмо написано студентом.- The letter is written by the student
Образование
Passive voice образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be и причастия II смыслового глагола (третьей формы глагола).

NB! Чтобы поставить глагол в страдательном залоге в нужную видовременную форму, нужно поставить в эту форму глагол to be и прибавить неизменяемое причастие II смыслового глагола.

Present Indefinite	I you he, she, it	am written are written is written		we you they		are written
Past Indefinite	I he, she, it	was written		we you they		were written
Future Indefinite	I, we shall be written you he, she, it they	will be written
Present Continuous	I am being written you are being written he, she, it is being written			we you they		are being written
Past Continuous	I he, she, it		was being written	we you they		were being written
Present Perfect	I you we they		have been written	he she it		has been written
Past Perfect	I, you, he, she, it, they, we					had been written
Future Perfect	I we		shall have been written		you he, she, it they	will have been written

Примечание. Future Continuous, Future Continuous in the Past и вся видовременная группа Perfect Continuous в страдательном залоге не употребляется.
Отличие Passive voice от страдательного залога в русском языке
В целом, можно сказать, что Passive voice употребляется в английском языке гораздо чаще, чем в русском. Можно выделить 2 основные причины этого явления:

1. В русском языке только прямое дополнение может стать подлежащим предложения со страдательным залогом, в английском языке подлежащим может стать не только прямое, но и косвенное, и даже предложное дополнение.

Я дал ему книгу. -> Книга была дана ему.

Ни при каких условиях косвенное дополнение ему не может стать подлежащим в русском предложении. Вариант «Он был даден книгой» совершенно неприемлем для русского человека. Для англичанина такой вариант не только является вполне естественным, но и употребляется гораздо чаще первого.

I gave him a book.

He was given a book.

2. Как уже отмечалось, в английском языке отсутствуют падежные окончания, поэтому там нет неопределённо-личных предложений (при отсутствии флексий невозможно определить субъектно-объектные отношения, или, как говорил Профессор Преображенский из «Собачьего сердца», понять «Кто на ком стоял»), а также возвратных глаголов.

Поэтому русским неопределённо-личным предложениям и возвратным глаголам в английском языке соответствует Passive voice.

I was given a book. - Мне дали книгу.

Таким образом, Passive voice переводится на русский язык тремя способами:

2. неопределённо-личными предложениями

3. возвратными глаголами

НО: The letter is written with a pencil. - Это письмо написано карандашом.

2. My supervisor gave me a new task.

3. This lecture touches upon the problem of vital importance.

4. Our students will take the exam in English on Friday.

5. This professor has just delivered a lecture on Physics.

6. They failed the written test last January.

7. He has learned 2 topics this week.

8. Somebody gave me that book.

9. 
   This professor teaches the students higher mathematics.
   
10. 
    At that time yesterday they were demonstrating a new device.
    
11. 
    They sent for the doctor.
    
12. 
    Nobody looks after the child.
    
13. 
    They listen carefully to his advice.
    

1. 
   A few stars are known which are bigger than the earth. 2. Their questions were rightly formulated. 3. His views will be based on elementary technical knowledge. 4. These substances were prepared by chemical methods. 5. The tourists are often warned in this part of the city. 6. At first, the meanings of words will be learnt mechanically. 7. There are two further points, though they will not be discussed in detail here.
   

1a. This furnace converts the chemical energy in the fuel into heat.

1b. The chemical energy in the fuel is converted into heat by this furnace.

1. 
   We cool most vehicle engines by water.
   
2. 
   Our engineers have designed new cutting equipment.
   
3. 
   Mendeleyev arranged the elements in order of ascending atomic weight.
   
4. 
   Chemists will probably discover many new elements.
   
5. 
   Professor Petrochenko was delivering his lecture when we came in.
   

1. 
   Translate the words from the text, learn to read them out and try to memorize them:
   

2. 
   Read the text and prepare to fulfill the exercises after it:
   

From the earliest times, men have observed most striking changes that take place in nature and have made accidental discoveries of great value. Many of the substances used today, which are prepared by chemical methods, were known to the ancients, but there are no histor­ical records of their discovery. Glass, for example, has been known for over 3,000 years. Soap was also made in the earliest times.

Directed experimentation appeared with the rise of Alchemy. The alchemists' sought things which led to happiness — health and riches. They wanted to change the common metals into gold hoping to do this with the help of a mysterious substance, called the philosopher's stone. But gold without health is of little value, so a search was made for the elixir of life which could bring back glorious youth to the aged. The alchemists studied everything available, mixed things together, and heated and distilled them when possible. Many im­portant discoveries were made as a result of this work by the alchemists and some of the processes used today in chemistry were invented. They refer repeatedly to distillation, extraction, calcination, coagulation, etc. They prepared and studied many of the compounds which are commonly used in chemical work. Among these are sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acidsalum, soda, ammonium chloride, niter, and compounds of mercury, arsenic and antimony. But selfish and utilitarian motive which guided the alchemists could not lead to the development of a science.

Chemistry was born as a science only at that time when there appeared a desire of a man to learn the truth about the wonders of the nature.

1. 
   Fill in the missing forms of the given irregular verbs and translate them.
   

2. 
   Find the predicate in the sentences and define its grammar tense and voice.
   

a) First steam-driven carriages were built and tried before 1763 and 1769.

b) Glass has been known for over 3,000 years.

c) Ann will help you.

d) Aluminium is sometimes called aluminum.

5. 
   Compounds of aluminum have been known for many years.
   

b) The magnet attracts the iron dust.

c) Rudolf Diesel carried out all experimental work with liquid fuel.

d) The piston has completed the stroke.

e) This film will be shown tomorrow.

3. 
   Put the questions to the given sentences as recommended.
   

a) The piston moves down. ( alternative, special, disjunctive)

b) The Earth’s crust is about 30 miles thick. ( general, special, disjunctive)

c) Now Peter is going to Warsaw by train. (alternative, special, disjunctive)

4. 
   Samantha was driven to school by her mother. (general, special)
   

1. 
   Read out and memorize the new words:
   

2. 
   Read the international words and give their Russian equivalents:
   

3. 
   Translate the following stone-wall constructions into Russian:
   

4. 
   Translate the following word-combinations into Russian:
   

Main types of the automobiles; as a rule; various designs; to be propelled by an internal combustion engine; to distinguish by the horse-power of the engine; a four-stroke cycle; to ignite the fuel-air mixture; injection pump; to assist both the intake and exhaust processes; to complete the cycle within one revolution.

5. 
   Define the part of speech the underlined words belong to, find the appropriate meaning of these words in the dictionary and translate the sentences:
   

6. 
   Read the text attentively and translate it into Russian:
   

Passenger cars are, as a rule, propelled by an internal combustion engine. They are distinguished by the horse-power of the engine, the number of cylinders in the engine and the type of the body, the type of transmission, wheelbase, weight and overall length.

There are engines of various designs. They differ in the number of cylinders, their position, their operating cycle, valve mechanism, ignition and cooling system.

Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders, although some four-, twelve-, and sixteen-cylinder engines are used. The activities that take place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four stages which are called strokes. The four strokes are: intake, compression, power and exhaust.

7. 
   Answer the questions based on the content of the text; giving full answers to them:
   

1. 
   The student was asked many questions at the examination.
   
2. 
   Jeremy rings me very often.
   
3. 
   We have already written several letters to her.
   
4. 
   He won’t do his work in time.
   
5. 
   These techniques aren’t widely used.
   

1. 
   She let them go.
   
2. 
   Those students come from China.
   
3. 
   They’ve quickly changed the subject of the conversation.
   
4. 
   He will win the first place.
   
5. 
   The newspapers are sold in this shop.
   

1. 
   Copper was used in prehistoric times. ( alternative, special, disjunctive)
   
2. 
   The chemical reactions didn’t occur in the furnace. ( general, special, disjunctive)
   
3. 
   The system has got two batteries. (alternative, special, disjunctive)
   
4. 
   Sports companies are trying to develop new sportswear. (general, special)
   

building

to be intended

Housing

Industrial

Timber

Steel

Constructional

Unique

To be available

Durable

Heat conductivity

Hydraulic

Antiquity

The Roman Empire

Capital deposits

Reinforced concrete

Compressive strength

The main building materials are timber, stone (brick), concrete, steel, light metals, glass and plastics. Timber was one of the first materials used by people for constructional purposes. Timber is unique among the materials for construction. It will be available when the earth's capital deposits of iron, coal, clay and the rest have been consumed.

The buildings made of stone or brick are durable and fire-proof, they have poor heat conductivity.

Concrete made with natural hydraulic binders was used in antiquity, particularly by the Romans. After the decline of the Roman Empire the art of making concrete has been forgotten, and the revival came much later.

Portland cement was produced more than a century ago. From the time of its first production there was a steady and gradual improvement in its compressive strength.

Reinforced concrete is hardly 100 years old, but its practical application in building began only 90 years ago. Today reinforced concrete is used in all civilized countries as one of the most important building materials. One of the essential properties of concrete is its compressive strength.

1. 
   I’m doing a project on a new bridge.
   
2. 
   The computers today operate faster.
   
3. 
   We’ve exchanged emails with British students.
   
4. 
   I didn’t get my money back last week.
   
5. 
   Drinking water was provided by a wind pump.
   

1. 
   They are made of metal.
   
2. 
   The professor held his lecture last Thursday.
   
3. 
   I have designed practical products for use in the kitchen.
   
4. 
   He seldom lied to her.
   
5. 
   We’ll make bread for supermarkets.
   

1. 
   You travel quite a lot in your job. ( alternative, disjunctive)
   
2. 
   Most car drivers are happy to use public transport. ( general, special, disjunctive)
   
3. 
   The tree grew in the park. (alternative, special, disjunctive)
   
4. 
   d)These signals are interpreted by the microprocessor. (general, special)
   

1. 
   Translate the words from the text, learn to read them out and try to memorize them:
   

Machine-tool

Manufacture

Manufacturing equipment

Machine shop

Giant

Jewel

Drilling machine

Spindle

To impart

To feed the tool

Milling machine

Lathe

Upright

Multi-spindle

2. 
   Read the text attentively and translate it into Russian:
   

The machine-tool is the principal manufacturing equipment in a machine shop. It is important in the manufacture of every product from a giant turbine to minute jewels for aircraft instruments.

One of the simplest tools is the ordinary drilling machine. It consists of a spindle which imparts rotary motion to the drilling tool, mechanism for feeding the tool into the work, a table on which the work rests, and a frame. The drilling machines or drill presses are grouped into the following four classes: sensitive, upright, radial and multi-spindle machines.

A milling machine is a machine-tool that removes metal as the workpiece is fed against a rotating cutter.

An engine lathe is shown in Fig. 7.

1. gearbox and headstock; 2. tailstock; 3. frame; 4. spindle; 5. feed gearbox; 6. electric motor; 7. control panel; 8. cross slide; 9. carriage; 10. tool block; Hi ways; 12. lead screw; 13. feed rod; 14. operating lever shaft; 15. operating and reverse handle; 16. apron; 17. hand feed

3. 
   Ask questions to all the parts of the following sentence.
   

1. 
   The drilling machines are grouped into four classes.