Form comparative and superlative degrees

Thrilling, boring, fantastic, risky, expensive, cheap, comfortable, dangerous, dull, annoying, many, little, bad.

Some people call me “couch potato”, because I don’t like to travel. Why should I? Traveling is so troublesome. You have to think about booking tickets, packing all the necessary things, choosing the place to go and plan everything in advance – it’s such a routine.

More than that, traveling is dangerous nowadays. I’ve heard a lot about air-crashes, wrecked ships and many people killed in car accidents. Why should I get on risk?

People say that traveling is a good chance to see different places and to learn about other countries and cultures. But I can easily do it at home. There are many interesting educational programmes on TV and there are a lot of books and magazines about various places. They give me such much information about different countries and people. It is more comfortable and less expensive.

What’s more, while traveling you deal with a lot of strangers, and I don’t like it very much. So, you see, traveling isn’t for me, is it?
2.3.3 Give English equivalents

Домосед, чего ради, проблематично, заранее, опасно, в наши дни, авиакатастрофы, крушение судов, рисковать, образовательные, разнообразные, менее дорого, имеете дело, незнакомые люди.

a) She doesn’t like to travel

b) She likes watching TV very much

c) She reads books about different countries

a) It’s necessary to plan everything in advance

b) She doesn’t like to book tickets

c) It takes much time to pack the luggage

a) Her neighbors has died in a car accident

b) While traveling you deal with strangers

c) She has heard a lot about crashes

a) It’s uncomfortable

b) She is a “couch potato”

c) She thinks it’s very troublesome, dangerous and expensive

1. Why do people call Kate a “couch potato”? 2. Why Kate thinks that traveling is troublesome? 3. How does Kate get information about other countries? 4. Why is Kate not so sociable?

1. Kate thinks that traveling is dangerous, because …

2. Kate thinks that traveling is expensive, because …

3. Kate thinks that traveling is troublesome, because …

4. Kate thinks that traveling is boring, because …

5. Kate thinks that traveling is tiresome, because …

6. Kate thinks that traveling is risky, because …

7. Kate thinks that traveling is annoying, because …

8. Kate thinks that traveling is dull, because …

9. Kate thinks that traveling is costly, because …

- one should pack a lot of things

- one should think about a place to go

- one should be very careful

- one should spend a lot of money

- one should plan everything in advance

- one should never forget about danger

- one should always deal with a lot of paper work

- one should spend a lot of time in buses, trains or planes

- one can meet a lot of strangers

- one can get into trouble

- one can’t be left alone

- one can’t do what he/she wants

- one can’t enjoy his/her loneliness

- one can’t go whenever he/she wants
2.3.6 Discuss the text using the following model

1. Kate believes that … for example…2. Although they say … 3. Kate thinks that …4. What’s more … 5. That’s why …

1. “Traveling is a learning experience.” 2. “It isn’t necessary to travel much if you want to learn a lot about the world.”

Dear

There are several reasons for this. First of all …..

Moreover …

I also don’t like …

More than that, …

And that’s why I …

I am sorry that I can’t go.

Enjoy the trip. I hope to see you soon.

Yours

A Letter of Acceptance

Dear

What’s more …

I also think that …

I do believe we …

That’s why …

Write me about the date and the place we are leaving from.

I can’t wait to see you and to go to London.

See you soon. Love

1. Some people call me “couch potato” because I don’t like to travel. 2. Traveling is so troublesome. 3. You have to think about booking tickets, packing all the necessary things, choosing the place to go and plan everything in advance – it’s such a routine. 4. Why should I get on risk? 5. People say that traveling is a good chance to see different places and to learn about other countries and cultures. 6. But I can easily do it at home. 7. There are many interesting educational programmes on TV and there are a lot of books and magazines about various places. 8. They give me so much information about different countries and people. 9. It is more comfortable and less expensive. 10. While traveling you deal with a lot of strangers. 11. I don’t like it very much. 12. Traveling isn’t for me, is it?

1. These tickets cost (cheap) than those ones. 2. To travel by plane is (expensive) way of traveling. 3. It is (good) to go to countryside in summer than in winter. 4. It was (exciting) trip, I’ve ever had. 5. My journey wasn’t (comfortable) than I expected. 6. Climbing the mountains are as (risky) as sinking in the seas. 7. Passive rest is (boring) than active one. 8. Through the windows of the train I saw (fantastic) scenery. 9. It is (dangerous) hiking. 10. My friend was (experienced) than I. 11. This carnival will be (great) carnival this year. 12. The Caucasus are (high) mountains in Europe.

1. What does it mean for you “to be healthy”? 2. Do you think you are a healthy person? 3. What do you do to be healthy?

The ancient Greeks knew the value of good health. They even named one goddess Hygeia, which means goddess of health. Hygeia was the daughter of Asclepius, the god of medicine. The Greeks prayed to her to give them good health.

The Romans spoke of health in a proverb: “A healthy mind in a healthy body.” In addition to physical health, an understanding of mental health is also important. The body does a great deal to take care of itself, but by learning a few important health rules, it is possible to help the body to work at its best.

Many people will say: “Good health means not being ill.” That’s true. But health is much more than that. We have good health when bodies and our minds are able to work at their best.

The human body is much more complicated than any machine. Yet it needs less day-to-day care than any machine. No machine can do all things the body can do. No machine will work for 70 years or more, day and night, requiring only air, water, food and a few simple rules.

Millions of people all over the world are fond of sport and games. Sport helps people to stay in good shape, keeps them fit, healthy and makes them more organized and better disciplined in their daily activities.

We have always paid great attention to sport in our schools, colleges and universities.

You can hardly find a university without a gym or sport ground. Every city and town has a few stadiums or a swimming pool where local competitions are usually held.

It’s been a tradition in every country to divide sport into professional and amateur. There are different sporting societies and clubs in our country. Many of them take part in different international tournament and are known all over the world. A great number of different records have been set by our sportsmen: players, swimmers, figure skaters, runners, high jumpers. Our sportsmen also participate in the Olympic Games and always win a lot of gold, silver, bronze medals.

There are also a lot of amateur clubs and keep-fit centers in our country where people go in for aerobics, yoga, body– building, swimming, skating, and jogging. Thousands of people go to the stadiums to support their favorite team and many, many thousands prefer to watch the game on TV more. But watching sport events and going in for sport are two different things.

My favorite kind of sport is tennis. I’ve been playing it since I was eleven years old, and the more I like it. There is a good tennis court not far from my house and whenever I have a chance I go there with a friend of mine.
Glossary

to stay in good shape – быть в хорошей спортивной форме.

to keep fit – поддерживать форму

to pay great attention – уделять внимание

hardly – едва ли с трудом

sport ground – спортивная площадка

local - местный

amateur - любительский

sporting society – спортивное общество

tournament - турнир

record - рекорд

to set - устанавливать

gymnast - гимнаст

figure skater - фигурист

high jumper – прыгун в высоту

to participate – принимать участие

keep-fit center – оздоровительный центр

aerobics - аэробика

yoga - йога

body– building – бодибилдинг, развитие мышц тела с помощью физ. упражнений

jogging – бег трусцой

to support – поддерживать, болеть

1. Are people happy if they don’t feel well? 2. Whom did the ancient Greeks pray to give them good health? 3. Mental health is as important as physical health, isn’t it? 4. Why is sport so important in our life? Why do people go in for sport? 5. Is there a gym or a sport ground in your university? 6. Do you go in for sports or do you prefer to watch other people playing? 7. What is your favorite kind of sport? 8. What team are you a fan of? 9. Do you take part in any competitions? 10. What games are popular in Kazakhstan?

1) a part a) properly

2) to work at one’s best b) to take part in

3) to require c) to love

4) to be fond of d) to need

5) society e) to approve

6) to participate f) a component

7) to support g) an organization

1. Hygeia is a name of a Greek goddess of health. 2. It is possible to help the body to work at its best. 3. The human body is much more complicated than any machine. 4. Millions of people all over the world are fond of sport and games. 5. It’s been a tradition in every country to divide sport into professional and amateur.

1. A person should/have to take care of his health.2. Could/can you take your shirt off? 3. You might/may take this medicine before or after meals.4. At the polyclinic consulting hours may/should be in the morning and in 5he evening/ 6. I must/ have to listen to your heart and lungs.7. A patient was able to/allowed to leave for home yesterday.8. Your doctor will may/be able to examine you again on Monday.9. You mustn’t/don’t have to smoke! 10. I’m to/need meet with my dentist at 3 p.m.11. She is so pale!

1. Are you good at sport? 2. What sport do you go in for? 3. What do you think about sport? 4. What is better: to play sport or to watch it?

to compete - соревноваться

to betray- предавать

unforgettable - незабываемый

to retire- уходить, удаляться

an injure-ушиб,травма

anxious- обеспокоенный, страстно желающий

а muscle- мускул, мышца

aiming for physical perfection – поставив цель физическое совершенство

to miss out – терять

an excessive workout – усиленные тренировки
3.2.2 Answer the questions to the text

1. What kind of sport do you like? 2. Do you like to compete or to watch sports on TV? 3. Do you think is important to keep in good form and stay healthy? 4. What do you think about the body-building? 5. Which arguments are convincing? 6. Which arguments do you agree/disagree with?

A.1. It is the sport of riding a small sort of boat with a sail. 2. It is the sport in which acrobats and gymnasts jump up and down to perform exercises on a sheet of material stretched to a frame. 3. It is a jumping from an airplane with a parachute. 4. The sport of climbing down inside large holes which go deep underground in a rocky country.5. It is the sport of climbing mountains.

B. Parachuting, potholing, mountaineering, windsurfing, trampoline.
3.2.5 If you want to go in for sport you need certain traits of character and skills. What skills should different sportsmen have?

Example: A football player…

Needs to run fast, doesn't need to be patient, must be strong, has tо be clever, doesn't have to think clearly, be fit, have a lot of energy, be courageous, have a great wish to win.
3.2.7 Ask all types of questions to each sentence

1. Sport plays a great role in my life. 2. I will never betray my favorite team. 3. He was anxious about getting big muscles. 4. It is difficult to do all these things.

1. What is “Food for Thought”? 2. Is the title used in a figurative or literal sense?

Eating a poor diet has been linked to a battery of illnesses. Bad eating habits can be easily followed by digestive problems, obesity and heart disease. But ill health doesn't happen overnight. It can take many years to develop, often with no outward signs. But the good news is that unwanted diseases can be prevented by changing to a healthier diet and lifestyle.

And opting for a healthy diet need not to be hard work, a few simple changes can soon put you on the right road:

- The total amount of fat you eat should be reduced. Eat more fresh fish, lean meat and poultry, rather than high fat foods such as sausages and burgers.

- Your intake of fibre rich starchy foods should be increased. Eat more whole meal bread and pasta, baked jacket potatoes, high fibre breakfast cereals.

- Eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables - at least five portions a day.

- Cut down on eating sugary foods such as cakes, puddings and sweets.

- Limit the quantity of salt you take by using less in cooking and at the table.

- Take regular exercise.
Glossary

digestive problems- проблемы с пищеварением

obesity- ожирение

outward signs- внешние признаки

to prevent- предотвращать

to opt- выбирать, делать выбор

to put one on the right road- направить на истинный путь

to reduce- уменьшить, снизить

lean meat and poultry- постное мясо и птица

to increase- увеличивать

intake- потребление

starchy- крахмалистый

cereals- хлопья
3.3.3 Answer the questions:

1. What do you have for breakfast (dinner, supper)? 2. Do you think your eating habits are healthy? 3. Have you ever been on a diet? 4. Do you agree with advice given in the text? Have you ever followed them? 5. Could you add your own advice?

Carbohydrates (2), beans, fats, vegetables, fruit, food, melon, proteins, mixed, digested, well-combined, doctor, minimum, intake, moderate, overeat.

a)________such as meat can be combined with vegetables but not with b)_________. Carbohydrates such as potatoes, pasta, and c)_______can be combined with other d)________, as well as vegetables, salads, oils, e)_______and flavorings. f)________are known to be g)______with any foods and can be eaten alone or with anything one likes.

h)______ is best eaten alone or mixed with other fruits - apart from i)______, which should be eaten on its own because of the unique way it is j)________.

To follow a k) __________diet, simply base each meal that you eat around either a protein or carbohydrate l)________, leaving three to four hours between each meal for optimum digestion.

Do not m) _________. Eat a little less than you would normally, and try to eat only n) _______amounts of protein or carbohydrates and plenty of fruits and vegetables.

It is advisable to keep your intake of fats and oils to a o)________, especially when eating them with carbohydrates. If you are planning to change your daily food p) ______, always check first with your q)_______.
3.4.3 Make up your own title for the text
3.4.3 Translate the sentences. Pay attention to modals

1. Some food if eaten too often may cause physical problems and alterations that make them a significant factor in a person's size, weight and shape. 2. How do you know which food can be eaten with which? 3. All you have to do is to look up your favorite foods in the table on page 85. 4. Proteins can be combined with other proteins in a meal, as well as with vegetables.5. Carbohydrates such as potatoes, pasta, and beans can be combined with other carbohydrates. 6. You may mix vegetables with any foods and can be eaten alone or with anything one likes.7. Fruit is best eaten alone or mixed with other fruits - apart from melon, which should be eaten on its own or with other melon because of the unique way it is digested.

1. Do you smoke? What is your attitude to smoking people? 2. Have you ever taken drugs? 3. What do you know about AIDS?

Passive smoking, when you are breathing someone else smoke, can damage your health just like smoking can. Smoking becomes addictive very quickly, and it's one of the hardest habits to break.

Take 1000 young people who smoke 20 cigarettes a day. A quarter of them will die from a disease caused by smoking. That's 250 lives wasted! Only six of those 1000 teenagers will die in road accidents. So what is it in cigarette smoke that is harmful? Chemical called nicotine is a substance that causes addiction. It is a stimulant that increases the pulse rate and a rise in the blood-pressure. Cigarette smoke also contains tar - a major factor for causing cancer.

Chronic bronchitis occurs when tar and mucus damage the air sacks in the lungs. The sufferer has a bad cough which is worse in the mornings, and may get breathless easily.

Gases in cigarette smoke increase your blood pressure and pulse rate. This can contribute to heart disease. Smokers as twice as non-smokers are likely to have heart trouble.

Smokeless tobacco that is chewed rather than smoked is also harmful, causing mouth sores, damage to teeth and cancer. If you've ever watched an adult try to give up smoking, you know how hard it can be. It's easier, healthier and cheaper never to start.

Another poison of many young people is alcohol. Remember, alcohol is a drug. It can make you sick, and you can become addicted to it. It's a very common form of drug abuse among teenagers. Don't let anyone at a party pressure you into drinking if you don't want to, especially if you're legally under age.

For years we have been told not to drive after we have drunk alcohol, which weakens our sense and clouds our judgment. And yet people still do. Young people, who are drunk are less likely to wear their seat belts, and are less experienced when a problem occurs. The alcohol makes them think they are brilliant drivers and can take risks without getting hurt. But, more importantly, they become a risk to other drivers and pedestrians - potential killers. If they do have an accident, the alcohol in their body will make treatment of an injury more difficult.

Alcohol drinks are made up chiefly of water and ethanol, which is an alcohol produced by fermenting fruits, vegetables or grain. Beer is about one part ethanol to 20 parts water. Wine is stronger, and spirits are about half ethanol and half water.

Alcohol is a drug. In fact, it is a mild poison. It is absorbed quickly into the bloodstream, within four or 10 minutes of being drunk. Absorption is slower if there's food in the stomach. Once inside the body it passes through the bloodstream to the liver, where poisons are digested.

But the liver can only process 28 grams of pure alcohol each hour.

This is a small amount - just over half a glass of beer. Anything else you drink is pumped round the body while it waits its turn to enter the liver.

When alcohol reaches your brain, you may immediately feel more relaxed and light-hearted. You may feel you can do crazy things. But after two or three drinks, your actions are clumsy and your speech is slurred. If you over-drink, you might suffer from double vision and loss of balance, even fall unconscious, hangover.

In facts, all medicines are drugs. You take drugs for your headache or your asthma. But you need to remember that not all drugs are medicines. Alcohol is a drug, and nicotine is a drug. There are many drugs that do you no good at all.

There's nothing wrong with medicinal drugs if they're used properly. The trouble is, some people use them wrongly and make themselves ill. Most of the drugs are illegal, but some are ordinary medical substances that people use in the wrong way.

People take drugs because they think they make them feel better. Young people are often introduced to drug-taking by their friends.

Many users take drugs to escape from a life that may seem too hard to bear. Drugs may seem the only answer, but they are no answer at all. They simply make the problem worse.

Depending on the type and strength of the drug, all drug-abusers are in danger of developing side effects. Drugs can bring on confusion and frightening hallucinations and cause unbalan­ced emotions or more serious mental disorders.

First-time heroin users are sometimes violently sick. Cocaine, even in small amounts, can cause sudden death in some young people, due to heartbeat irregula­rities. Children born to drug-addicted parents can be badly affected.

People who start taking drugs are unlikely to do so for long without being found out. Symptoms of even light drug use are drowsiness, moodiness, loss of appetite and, almost inevitably, a high level of deceit.

First there's the evidence to hide, but second, drugs are expensive and few young people are able to find the money they need from their allowance alone. Almost inevitably, needing money to pay for drugs leads to crime.

AIDS is a sickness that attacks the body's natural system against disease. AIDS itself doesn't kill, but because the body's defense system is damaged, the patient has a reduced ability to fight off many other diseases, including flu or the common cold.

It has been reported that about 10 million people worldwide may have been infected by the virus that causes AIDS. It is estimated that about 350 thousand people have the disease and that another million (!) may get it within the next five years. Africa and South America are the continents where AIDS is most rampant, although in the States alone about 50,000 people have already died of AIDS.

So far there is no cure for AIDS. We know that AIDS is caused by a virus which invades healthy cells, including the white blood cells that are part of our defense system; the virus takes control of the healthy cells genetic material and forces the cell to make a copy of the virus. The cell then dies and the multiplied virus moves on to invade and kill other healthy cells.

The AIDS virus can be passed on sexually or by sharing needles used to inject drugs. It also can be passed in blood products or from a pregnant woman with AIDS to her baby.

Many stories about the spread of AIDS are false. One cannot get AIDS by working with someone who's got it or by going to the same school, or by touching objects belonging to or touched by an infected person. Nobody caring for an AIDS patient has developed AIDS and, since there is no cure for it at present, be as helpful and understanding as possible to those suffering from this terrible disease.
Glossary

vascular- сосудистый

cancer- рак (болезнь)

constant- постоянный

to cause- причинить

to witness- быть свидетелем

fatigue- усталость, утомление

thyroid- щитовидный

to damage- нанести ущерб, вред

to waste- тратить, терять

lungs- легкие

a sore- язва, болячка

a poison- яд

to become addicted- пристраститься

abuse- злоупотребление

liver- печень

drowsiness- сонливость, вялость

inevitably- неизбежно, неминуемо

deceit- обман, лживость

to inject- делать укол

to suffer- страдать
3.5.3 Answer the question:

1. Is smoking banned in Kazakhstan? 2. Is passive smoking dangerous? 3. What is nicotine? 4. Can alcohol make you seek? 5. What does a term “potential killer” mean? 6. All medicines are drugs, aren’t they? 7. Why do people take drugs? 8. What does the AIDS virus attack? 9. Does AIDS kill people? 10. Which continents are most "infected"? 11. Would you befriend a person infected with AIDS?

1. The smell of smoke on your breath and clothes will put people off. 2. Someone who smokes 15 cigarettes a day can forget six to nine years of their life. 3. You're burning a great deal of money. In many countries cigarettes are heavily taxed. 4. Your skin will wrinkle faster and deeper than that of a non-smoker. 5. Females who smoke heavily may wrinkle like a woman 20 years older in age.

1. The reasons for taking drugs. 2. Harmful consequences of drugs. 3. Drugs and life-span.

1. AIDS itself doesn’t kill. 2. Africa and South America are the continents where AIDS is most rampant. 3. There is a cure for AIDS. 4. We don’t know what cells AIDS can invade. 5. The AIDS virus can’t be passed on sexually. 6. It can be passed in blood products or from a pregnant woman with AIDS to her baby. 7. One cannot get AIDS by touching objects belonging to or touched by an infected person.

1.Ты не должен курить здесь! 2. Курение может привести к раку легких.3. Не следует мешать лекарства со спиртным. 4. Не нужно было столько пить на вечеринке. 5. Тебе должно быть стыдно! 6. Могу я закурить?7.Оборот наркотических средств должен контролироваться. 8. Мы просто не можем назвать его образ жизни правильным. 9. СПИД не может передаваться через рукопожатие.

A: Oh, Arthur, we’ve been looking for you.

B: What’s happened?

A: We need a doctor badly. My colleague from Spain is feeling bad.

B: Don’t worry. A doctor will be sent for in a minute.

A: Has your colleague caught a cold?

B: Most unlikely. He neither coughs nor sneezes.

A: What does he complain of?

B: Yesterday he had a headache. The day before yesterday he complained of a toothache and earache.

A: It’s a strange case.

B: I’m sure he has been working too hard lately. Last time I saw him he looked pale and tired.

A: It’s all nerves. Most likely he needs a rest and then he will be fine.

(half an hour later)

B: What did the doctor say? Pneumonia, flu, rheumatism?

A: Nothing of the kind!

B: Is it very serious?

A: I’m afraid so. As far as I can judge, hills, drops, powders, mixtures are useless in this case.

B: What do you mean?

A: It’s a virus. It’s as old as the hills. Nobody can cure it. No medicine can help. It takes time to recover.

A: It seems to me I know what you are driving at. The man hasn’t fallen ill. He is hopelessly in love.

B: And if I’m not mistaken the virus is blonde, blue-eyed, slim, long-legged and with irresistible smile.


3.6.2 Answer the questions:

1. How do you feel and behave if you have fallen in love? 2. Can love troubles influence people’s physical health? 3. What do people usually do to forget their troubles?

flu- боль

quinsy- грипп

pain- ангина

cough- воспаление

pill- кашель

fracture- таблетка

inflammation- перелом

sore throat- насморк

running nose- вывих

dislocation- больное горло

injection- пневмония

cold- простуда

complication- измерить температуру

pneumonia- укол

to fill in the tooth- осложнение

to take the temperature- прослушать сердце

to feel giddy- запломбировать зуб

to sound one’s heart- почувствовать головокружение

to strip to the waist- раздеться до пояса

to test one’s blood pressure- выздоравливать

to feel one’s pulse- измерять давление

to recover- проверить пульс
3.6.4 Put necessary modals into the gaps

1. You _____ take any medicine without consulting with a doctor.2. ____ you give me any nasal drops? 3. I ____ go with you, I ____ stay in bed because of a terrible fever.4. If everything is OK, you will ______ to go to university net week. 5. Mary ____ her doctor at 2 p.m. 6. Don’t disturb him. He ____ a long rest. 7. The patient ____ to work about the room. 8. A young doctor _____ to make the diagnosis himself. 9. A therapist ____ examine you immediately! 10. My sister ______ drink cold water, she often catches a cold.

1. Don’t even try to understand her: she is completely off her ____. 2. Ever since she was promoted, she has really looked down her ____ at everyone else. 3. Forget about it: he was just pulling your ______. 4. I don’t think he can go with us, he is up to his_____. 5. I meant to say “right”, not “left”: it was just a slip of the _____. 6. She has got boys on the ____: you can’t talk to her about anything else. 7. Taxi drivers know the city like the back of their ____. 8. The company will ___ the bill.

a) crazy, or under the influence of drugs;b) know something extremely well; c) tell someone something that isn’t true, as a joke; d) pay for something; e) say the wrong thing by accident; f) be very busy; g) think all the time about one thing.

I wash my eyes, Five fingers on my left hand.

I wash my eyes, Five fingers on my right.

I wash my cheeks. They like to pat a kitten

I wash my chin. And they don’t like to fight.

Mother, mother, I am clean.

compulsory education

primary school

secondary school

comprehensive school

public school

undergraduate

graduate

post-graduate

full-time student, part-time student

reader, lecturer

Students' Council (Union)

B.A, B.Ed., B.Sc, B.S.E., B.S.M. degree (Bachelor of Arts, Education, Science, Engineering, Medicine etc.)

M.A., M.Ed (Master of Arts, Education, etc.)

Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy)

Tutorial

College non-residential

teaching staff

scientific subjects

optional

core component

School-based experience

age-range

junior students

senior students

educational aids

audio-visual facilities

visual aids

to observe a lesson

supervisor (tutor)
4.1.2 Read and translate the text
The System of Education in Kazakhstan
A. The higher educational institutions of Kazakhstan prepare specialists for different spheres of agriculture, science and culture on the basis of secondary education. They also pursue the scientific and research work of theoretical and practical character. The higher educational institutions improve the qualification of the teachers of schools, specialists of national economy, health care and culture.

The higher educational institutions include universities, academies, institutes, conservatoires and others.

The first higher educational institutions were opened in Kazakhstan in 1919 – 1920 and consequently during all the time in many regions of the country new institutions appeared. By 2001 in all higher educational institutions of the Republic about 265,000 students studied.

In 2001 the bill of the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On giving the special status to some state higher educational institutions” was adopted. The higher educational institutions having the special status will acquire a sufficient degree of academic liberty, which allows them to perform an active educational, methodological and scientific work concerning the development of the system of education.

Nowadays through this bill the special status is given to eight higher educational institutions. They are:

- Kazakh Al Farabi National University

- Eurasian L.N. Gumilev National University

- Kazakh National Agrarian University

- Kazakh K.I. Satpayev National Technical University

- Kazakh S.D. Asfendiyarov National Medical University

- Kazakh T.K. Zhurgenov National Academy of Arts

- Kazakh Kurmangazy National Conservatiore

- Kazakh National Academy of Music.

Also the military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan belong to the higher educational institutions. They are intended to prepare commanders, engineers, technicians and specialists for military force and improve their qualification.

Among the institutions of higher school the non-state sector plays a more important role. The first non-state higher educational institutions appeared in the country just after the proclamation of sovereignty of Kazakhstan. By the beginning of 2001 there were 121 non-state higher educational institutions in the country, which have the state certificate for preparation of specialists with higher education. The number of non-state higher educational institutions makes up about 73 percent of the total number of civil higher educational institutions, the number of students – nearly 29 percent. The private higher educational institutions immediately react to the change of demand in the specialists supply for the society, do not require budget financing, assist the maximum approach of the educational service to the place of permanent residence of students. Among the non-state higher educational institutions the most noticeable are the Almaty Institute of Energetics and Communication, the Almaty Abai University and the higher school “Adilet”.
B. Nowadays in Kazakhstan you can realize your dream of getting education at universities, polytechnics and colleges. Students working for their first degree at university are called undergraduates. When they take their degree we say that they graduate and then they are called graduates. If they continue studying at university after they have graduat­ed, they are called post-graduates. In general, the first de­gree of Bachelor is given to students who pass examinations at the end of four years of study.

Further study or research is required at the modern uni­versities for the first post-graduate degree of Master, and at all state universities for that of Doctor.

In Kazakhstan full-time university students (students who spend all their time studying and have no other employment), have two terms of about fifteen weeks in each year.

University teaching combines lectures given by profes­sors, readers or lecturers, practical classes (in scientific sub­jects) and small group teaching in seminars or tutorials.

The course of study is based upon compulsory and optional subjects.

Junior students go into passive practical work at organizations. Factories and enterprises according to their speciality.

Senior students spend about fifteen weeks on aching practice. They learn the use of different aids, technologies, audio-visual facilities, observe experienced workers and take an active part in discuss­ing them with a supervisor on practical work.

Examinations are held at the end of each term. Final ex­aminations (or finals) are taken at the end of the course.

Of course, the system of education, as everywhere, has some advantages and disadvantages. Because it is not free; you can get a grant in the cases if you leave school with “Altyn Belgy”, or pass entrance examinations successfully. The others pay for getting education.
4.1.3 Write English equivalents of the following words and
phrases. Transcribe them

Cтепень, выпускник, аспирант, бакалавр, дальнейшее обучение, исследовательская работа, магистр, студент дневного отделения, студент вечернего отделения, лектор , практические занятия, будущий учитель, быть осно­ванным на чём-л., обязательный, факультативный, изучение основного предмета, комплекс предметов, профилирующая дисциплина, возрастная группа, студенты младших курсов.

Libraries full of books have been written on the education system in Britain, but recently it has been changing considerably.

Compulsory education begins at 5, and children attend primary school until they are 11. Normally the primary school is divided into Infants (5 — 7) and Juniors (7 — 11).

At the age of 11 most children go to a comprehensive school where they stay until they are 16. In the past children went to different types of secondary schools, but in most parts of the country everybody now goes to a comprehensive. Some parents, who do not want their children to go to a comprehensive pay to send them to a private school. The most expensive and prestigious private schools are actually called public schools.

At the age of 16 people take their examinations. Most take General Cer­tificate of Education (G. С E.). Ordinary Levels — normally called just 'O' Levels. People take 'O' Levels in as many subjects as they want to; some take one or two, others take as many as nine or ten. If you get good 'O' Level results, you can stay on at school until you are 18, in the Sixth Form. Here you prepare for Advanced Level Exams ('A' Lev­els). Again, you take as many of these as you want to, but most people take two or three.

In case you pass your exams well you have a chance of going on to uni­versity though this is not automatic. The number of people who study there is strictly controlled. Other types of further education are offered at poly­technics and colleges of higher education. Polytechnics offer the chance to study subjects in a more practical way, and many colleges of higher educa­tion specialize in teacher training.

Ann: Hullo, Steve. Have you got a minute?

Steve: Sure, yes. “What can I do for you?

A.: I've read a number of books on the British system of higher education but I can't make head or tail of it.

S.: Mm… no wonder. What’s the problem?

A.: Quite a lot of problems. What I want to discuss is the difference between a university and a college.

S.: It's like this, you see... The program is different. At the university it is much wider. Great attention is paid to scientif­ic subjects.

A.: It sounds as though most people prefer a university.

S.: Well... that rather depends.

A.: Speaking about universities I'm not quite clear about tutorials there. What is a tutorial exactly?

S.: Oh, it's when students discuss topics with a tutor in very small groups — usually there are riot more than three or four students and sometimes only one.

A.: I see... And coming back to colleges... I'm still not terribly sure what a residential college is.

S.: Er... It's a college with a hall of residence¹ on the same grounds as the principal building. In fact all the stu­dents live in hall.

A: Really? And what about the teaching staff?

S.: Actually the majority of the teaching staff lives there too. But there are also quite a lot of non-residential colleges.

A.: And you studied at university?

S.: Yes...

A.: I'd like to find myself in that university. What was it like?

S.: Well... a big grey building surrounded by trees.

A: Beautiful?

S.: Nothing very remarkable. Of course there were lec­ture halls, classrooms and a number of laboratories.

A: Any facilities for sport and Physical Education.

S.: Let me see... Yes... A gymnasium with changing rooms and showers, a tennis court... What else... A playing field for netball and football...

A.: I believe students spend a lot of time together, don't they?

S.: Definitely. We had students' societies and clubs.

A.: Am I right to believe that they are for those interested in drama and music?

S.: Quite... and also politics, modern languages, litera­ture, science and athletics.

A.: Ah... that's worth knowing.

S.: And what I'd like to add is that students themselves or­ganize all those clubs and societies. There is usually a Stu­dents' Council or Union.

A.: Well Steve. Thanks very much. You've been most helpful.

Cистема высшего образования, практические занятия, колледж с общежитием, колледж без общежития, общежитие (студенческое), территория колледжа (университета), жить в общежитии (о студентах), педагогический состав, лекционный зал, гимнастичес­кий зал, раздевалка, студенческое общество, студенческий совет, ба­калавр гуманитарных наук, магистр гуманитарных наук, доктор фило­софских наук.

1. … Great Britain the course ... study ... intending teachers is based ... compulsory and optional subjects. 2. The Pro­gram usually consists ... three core components. Do you remember what they are? 3. Are you going to specialize ... Education? 4. It is important ... a student to learn the use ... different visual aids ... his block-teaching practice. 5. My school practice began when I was ... the first year. 6. ... our department examinations are held ... the end ... each term; ... each examination students are given several days which they spend ... revising the material. 7. The English club organized ... the students are concerned ... extra-curricular activities. 8. Do you enjoy your lectures ... Theory ... Education? Are they supplemented ... seminars?

Suggested situations:

A) Kazakh student and an English student are ex­changing information on systems of higher education in their countries.

B) Two students of the English department are discussing their college life. One of them is enthusiastic about every ­ thing, the other is a grumbler and finds fault with every little thing.

C) A strict father (mother) is demanding an explanation from a son (daughter) after a failure in a college exam. The son is giving all kinds of lame excuses speaking about "overcrowded syllabus", injustice of professors and bad luck in general.
4.2.6 a) Read and translate into Russian.

b) Discuss advantages and disadvantages:

1. Tutorial system.

2. Students' uniform.

3. Residential colleges
Oxford
So this is Oxford. As soon as we emerge into the clean, broad streets, there are signs enough that this is the ancient seat of English learning. Gowns and mortar boards.¹ Young undergraduates in loose black thigh-length gowns. A gradu­ate's gown is generally of knee length and for ceremonial oc­casions at least, has a hood lined in silk of the colour pre­scribed by the wearer's faculty.

Oxford's main railway station is some half a mile to the west of the area in which are clustered most of the colleges: Queen's College and University College, Magdalene College and quite a number of others.

All these together make up the University of Oxford.

The central University, in general, arranges lectures for the whole body of students in a particular subject and holds examinations and grants degrees; an individual college pro­vides for residence and tutorials. Great emphasis is laid at Ox­ford and Cambridge on what are called "tutorials", in which a Don² gives personal instruction in his study at least once a week to students numbering not more than four at a sitting.

For a lover of old architecture, Oxford has much to offer. Many of the colleges present a lovely picture of ancient pearl-grey walls, noble towers, and picturesque gothic archways. All have grass lawns of velvet smoothness which must be seen to be believed, and many have, in summer, most magnificent displays of flowers.

(After "The British Scene" by George Bidwell)

The general pattern of the education in the USA is an eight-year elementary school, followed by a four-year high school. This has been called 8-4 plan organization. It is proceeded, in many localities, by nursery schools and kindergartens. It is followed by a four-year college and professional schools. This traditional pattern, however, has been varied in many different ways. The 6-3-3 plan consists of a six-year elementary schoool, a three-year junior high school, and a three-year senior high school.

American education provides a program for children, beginning at the age of 6 and continuing up to the age of 16 in some of the states and to 18 in others. The elementary school in the United States is generally considered to include the first six or eight grades of the common-school system. The length of the school year varies among the states. Wide variation exists also in the length of the school day. A common practice is to have school in session from 9 to 12 in the morning and from 1 to 3.30 in the afternoon, Monday through Friday. It has become common for the college program to be divided into broad fields, such as languages and literature, the social sciences, the sciences and mathematics, and the fine arts. Many colleges require all freshmen and sophomores to take one or two full-year courses, such as English or History, may be required for all, with some election permitted in the other fields. The executive head of a college or a university is usually called the president. The various colleges or schools are headed by deans.
4.3.2 Read the text and say if it is true or false

1. The general pattern of education in the USA is an eight-year grammar school and a four-year high school. 2. American educational program begins at the age of six. 3. The length of the school year is the same in all states. 4. Higher educational institutions are governed by a board of deans. 5. Many colleges do not require all freshmen and sophomores to take courses in each of three fields. 6. The college program is usually divided into broad fields. 7. American schoolchildren have school from Monday to Saturday. 8. The executive head of a college is called the trustee. 9. The various colleges which take up a university are headed by deans. 10. The elementary school in the USA is considered to include the first ten grades.