Astana 5. 3.1 Read and translate the text Astana

5.3 Astana

Astana

Astana is the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Akmola steppes have always been the territory of interethnic communication of various nations and cultures. In the middle of the first millennium BC the Grand Silk Road, mentioned by the great ancient Greek historian Herodotus ran through these steppes. Numerous caravan routes gave birth to cities with prosperous trade and handicrafts. In the XIXth century Akmola was a substantial commercial centre in the steppe. The history of Akmola starts from the year of 1830, when the Russian Empire established the fortress with this name in the area of Karaotkel. By the end of the XIXth century it had become a district with the population of 6,428, which could boast of three churches, 5 schools and colleges and three factories. Such was the first stage in the development of the city.

The second stage with the paramount impact for the density of the city was the development of the virgin land. In December 1960 the city numbering 100,000 people turned into the center of the Tseliny territory, which embraced all northern regions of Kazakhstan. Shortly after 1961 Akmolinsk changed its name for Tselinograd and grew into a modern and beautiful city with the population of 250000 citizens. Thousands of volunteers from the former USSR came to build the city and live here. Within ten years 4 institutes, 10 schools, 2 museums, 4 cinemas, 2 wonderful palaces, 4 fashionable hotels, many shops and different institutions were built in the city. Tseliny region became great agricultural machine – building, meat – and – milk cattle breeding and poultry farming area.

In 1992 the city was returned its former name Akmola. But in 1998 with the transfer of the capital from Almaty to Akmola, the city got a new name – Astana. This decision was prompted by economic, ecological and geographical expediency. Overall conditions of the city, its territory, its being in fact the geographic centre of Kazakhstan, well – developed transport system, balanced natural environment and other factors came to be decisive in making the choice. Shifting the capital to Astana we will kick start the economic uplift to the northern, central and eastern regions of the country. In other words, the more balanced economic development of the country will be achieved. Today's reality is stunning. Astana is all in scaffolds. Construction goes on all round the city. Magnificent buildings of the Parliament and the Government building, a great number of new institutions and restored buildings attract the attention of the city's citizens and guests. Astana is becoming the international, business and cultural center of not only Kazakhstan, but of the Eurasian continent as the whole.

1. When did the Grand Silk Road run through Akmola steppes? 2) When does the history of Akmola start? 3. What was the status of the city by the end of the XIXth century? 4. What was the second stage in the development of the city? 5. Who came to build the city and stayed to live here? 6. When was the city returned its former name? 7. When was the city renamed to Astana? 8. How was the decision of transferring the capital from Almaty to Astana prompted? 9. Does the construction go on all round the city? 10. What is so attractive in new Astana?

1) In the middle of the … millennium BC the Grand Silk Road ran through Akmolа steppes.

a) first

b) second

c) third

2) In the XlXth century Akmola was a … center in the steppe.

a) commercial and economic

b) cultural

c) administrative

3) The history of Akmolinsk starts from the year of …

a) 1787

b) 1825

4) The Tseliny territory embraced all … regions of Kazakhstan.

a) western

b) northern

c) southern

5) Akmolinsk changed its name for Tselinograd in… .

a) 1955

b) 1973

6) Tseliny region became a great … center.

a) economic

b) cultural

c) agricultural

7) The city was returned its former name Akmola in… .

a) 1998

b) 1961

8) The capital was transferred from Almaly to Akmola in … .

a) 1996

b) 1992

9) The city was given a new name … in 1998.

a) Tsclinograd

b) Akmola

c) Astana

10) Construction goes on … the city.

а) all round

b) only in the center of

c) in some districts of
5.3.4 Give the English equivalents

Великий Шелковый путь, караванные пути, торговля и ремесло, охватить все северные регионы, с переносом столицы, привлекать внимание жителей города и гостей, коммерческий и экономический центр, сельскохозяйственный центр.

1. … the middle … the first millennium BC the Grand Silk Road, mentioned … the great ancient Greek historian Herodotus ran through these steppes. 2. The history of Akmola starts … the year of 1830. 3. Akmolinsk grew … a modern and beautiful city. 4. … 1992 the city was returned its former name Akmola.5. Astana is the capital … the Republic … Kazakhstan.

1. Saryarkha steppes … (to be) always the territory of interethnic communication of various nations and cultures. 2. In the middle of the first millennium BC the Grand Silk Road … (to mention) by the great ancient Greek historian Herodotus. 3. In 1830 the fortress … (to establish) with the name Akmola in the area of Karaotkel by the Russian Empire. 4. In 1992 the city … (to return) its former name Akmola. 6. By the end of 1970s 4 institutes, 10 schools, 2 museums, 4 cinemas, 2 wonderful palaces, 4 fashionable hotels, many shops and different institutions … (to build) in the city. 7. Our group … (to show) all the sights of Astana by tomorrow afternoon. 8. Our group … (to show) all the sights of Astana by 8 p.m. yesterday.

In 1720 Koryakovsky mail outpost arose on the right bank of the Irtysh. In 1838 the outpost was transformed into stanitsa of the same name, and in 1861 into the city of Pavlodar. Modern Pavlodar is a large industrial and cultural center of Kazakhstan, its population is 360 thousand people. The aluminum, oil-refining, tractor-building, chemical, radio and electronics plants, enterprises of power engineering, light and food processing industries are the leading industries in the country. Pavlodar is the educational centre with the S.Toraighyrov State University, Pedagogical University, Eurasian Innovation University and a lot of colleges, technical schools, gymnasiums, lyceums and secondary schools. There are many cinemas, two theatres, four museums, dozens of sporting arenas and entertainment establishments, the riverport and the airport and the modern railway and bus stations.

Pavlodar develops and grows prettier every day, including the embankment of the Irtysh, in summer the citizens of Pavlodar like to spend their weekends on board of a ship. They enjoy being in the open air by the river side which is very beautiful and picturesque. In winter frosts are severe and the river is usually frozen over. People go fishing and skating, and on the embankment the ice-city is built up every winter.
5.4.2 Answer the following questions:

1. In what part of Kazakhstan is Pavlodar situated? 2. When was Koryakovsky founded? 3. What industries are there in Pavlodar? 4. When did Pavlodar get this name? 5. What places of interest can you visit in Pavlodar? 6. Why is Pavlodar called multinational city? 7. What is the climate of Pavlodar like? 8. What educational establishments of Pavlodar can you name? 9. How do the citizens of Pavlodar spend their leisure time?

1. … 1838 the outpost was transformed … stanitsa of the same name, and … 1861 … the city of Pavlodar. 2. The citizens enjoy being … the open air … the river side. 3. … 1720 Koryakovsky mail outpost arose … the right bank … the Irtysh. 4. The famous remarkable Bayanaul National Park is one … the most picturesque places … the country situated … this area. 5. Pavlodar is a regional centre … the north-east … Kazakhstan. 6. The Bayanaul National Park is … a hundred kilometers … Ekibastuz, 7. The natural memorial Geese Passage is … the northwest of Pavlodar.

1. Pavlodar … (to situate) in the north-east part of Kazakhstan. 2. Bayanaul National Park, the most picturesque places of the country … (set) within a hundred kilometers from Ekibastuz. 3. In 1720 Koryakovsky mail outpost … (to establish) on the right bank of the Irtysh. 4. In 1838 the outpost … (to transform) into stanitsa of the same name, and in 1861 into the city of Pavlodar. 5. In winter frosts are severe and the river … (to freeze) usually over. 6. The ice-city … (build) up on the embankment every winter.

Among wedding rituals singing different songs are still popular, for instance ‘zhar-zhar’, ‘syngsu’ and ‘betashar’.

When a child is born it is a great event for each family. First shildekhana, then putting a child on the cradle, tusau kesu – when a child starts just to step, sundet toi – if a child is a boy, til ashar – at the age of six or seven, etc.

There are many national holidays celebrated in our country such as Nauryz, Oraza ait, Ramazan ait. Oraza ait and Ramazan ait are religious holidays, Ramazan ait is right after the holy month ramazan. Oraza ait is celebrated during three days certain period (70 days) later after ramazan ait.

Nauryz is the New Year Day by oriental calendar, it is the beginning of spring, its awakening after winter sleep. On this 22^nd of March day and night are equaled, people congratulate each other, lay festive dastarkhan and prepare Nauryz kozhe which consists of 7-9 ingredients. Universal merry-making, national games, traditional horse races, and various amusements accompany festivities.

There are many Kazakh national games such as kyz kuu, audaryspak, kumis alu, kokpar etc. In kyz kuu young girls and fellows take part in. The girl on the horse does her best to gallop from the young man. If he succeeds to overtake he earns a kiss, if not she lashes him with a whip. Audaryspak requires skills both in hand-to-hand fighting and in trick riding. Wins the one that brings his adversary down of his horse. The essence of kumis alu is that while galloping at full speed a young man should pick up a silver ingot off the ground. Nowadays a handkerchief replaces the ingot. Kokpar is the most popular game. In ancient times an alive goat was used, nowadays a symbolic carcass is used.

1. What folk celebrations are fulfilled when a child is born? 2. Can you tell when ‘zhar-zhar’, ‘syngsu’ and ‘betashar’ are sung? 3. What is tusau kesu? 4. What national games do you know? 5. Who takes part in the game kyz kuu? 6. What kind of holiday is Nauryz? 7. What national dish is prepared at Nauryz?

1. Nowadays the ingot is replaced … a handkerchief. 2. Nauryz kozhe consists … seven ingredients which is considered be a holy number. 3. Folk celebrations are dedicated … the most important events … life – wedding, birth … a child, funeral. 4. Putting a child … the cradle is one … the customs concerning a childbirth. 5. The girl … the horseback does her best to gallop … the young zhigit. 6. … the national celebrations different games are arranged. 7. The essence … kumis alu is that while galloping … full speed a young man should pick … a silver ingot … the ground.

1. Organizers of the national events or supporters prepare valuable prizes for the participants of the games. 2. While galloping at full speed a young man should pick up a silver ingot off the ground. 3. Nowadays a handkerchief replaces the ingot. 4. On the 22^nd of March people congratulate each other, lay festive dastarkhan. 5. At the celebrations organizers arrange horse races – baige, wrestling, different tournaments fulfilled on horseback, kokpar. 6. People celebrate Ramazan ait right after the holy month ramazan. 7. Kazakh people celebrate Oraza ait during three days certain period (70 days) later after ramazan ait. 8. Parents organize tusau kesu when their child starts just to step.

1. What other information about the USA do you know?

2. Which of these facts surprises you?
5.5.3 Read and translate the text
The USA

The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.

Separating from Canada in the north and from Mexico in the south, the USA is a federal republic of fifty states and the District of Columbia. The state of Alaska is separated from the rest of the USA by Canada, and its western end is only 80 kilometers from the former Soviet Union. Hawaii, which became the fiftieth state in 1959, is in the Pacific Ocean, halfway between the continents of America and Asia.

The total area of the USA is over 9 million square kilometers.

The continental part of the USA consists of two highland regions two lowland regions. The highland regions are the Appalachian Mountains in the east, and the Cordillera in the west. The Appalachian Mountains run parallel to the Atlantic coast almost from the Gulf of Mexico into Canada. The Cordillera stretches along the Pacific coast with the Sierra Nevada in the south and the Rocky Mountains continuing into Canada and Alaska in the north. Between the Cordillera and the Appalachian Mountains are the central lowlands, calling the prairie, and the eastern lowlands, calling the Mississippi.

The five Great Lakes, between the USA and Canada, are joined together by short rivers or canals, to the Atlantic Ocean by the Saint Lawrence River, and to the Hudson River by a canal. In the west of the USA there is another lake called the Great Salt Lake.

The principal rivers of the USA are the Mississippi, the longest river in the world (7,330 kilometers), which flows into the Gulf of Mexico, the Colorado and the Columbia, which flow into the Pacific Ocean, and the Hudson River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

The climate of the USA differs greatly from one part of the country to another. The coldest climate is in the north, where there is heavy snow in winter and the temperature may go down to 40 degrees below zero. The south has a subtropical climate, temperatures as high as 49 degrees in summer. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.

The population of the USA totals more than 210 million people, who are called Americans. Most of the people live in towns, and the population of the country-side is becoming smaller and smaller. In America there are representatives of practically all racial and national groups.

There are about 25 million Negroes in the country and a little over half a million Indians. Many of the in habitants come from Mexico and other South American countries. The life of these people is very hard because of racial discrimination.

Besides colored people there are also representatives of all the peoples of Europe and Asia. Some of these have great difficulties because of their ability of speaking their nation’s language, and the official language of the USA is English.

The USA is a federal state, headed by the President. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive and judicial.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country, and its agriculture is also mechanized.

There are coal-mines in the Cordillera Mountains, in the Kansas City region, and in the east near Birmingham and Pittsburgh. Iron is mined near the Great Lakes and in the Birmingham, Pittsburgh and Philadelphia areas. The USA has rich oil fields in California, Texas and other regions. It holds first place in the capitalist world for producing coal, iron and oil, and it also produces silver and gold. The heavy industries are in the region of the Great Lakes, around Birmingham, Detroit and Chicago. The motorcar industry is highly developed especially in and near Detroit, and all sorts of machines are produced in the areas of heavy industry.

Shipbuilding is developed along the Atlantic coast and in San Francisco on the Pacific coast. The textile industry is developed in the northeast and the south.The USA has a highly-developed railway system. It also has the best roading system in the capitalist world. The Great Lakes and the rivers, especially the Mississippi, are widely used for transporting.

Agriculture is very wide-spread, above all in the prairie regions, where wheat and other grain crops are grown. Cotton is grown in the Mississippi valley, tobacco in Maryland and Virginia. California is famous for its fruit plantations, and the best for its cattle-farming. Poultry farming is wide-spread in the country-side near all big cities.
Glossary

Columbia [kalambia] — Колумбияthe Great Lakes — Великие озера (5 озер)

North America — Северная Америка

the Pacific Ocean [pa'sifik'oujn]— Тихий океан

the Gulf of Mexico ['gAlf av meksikou] — Мексиканский залив

the Atlantic Ocean — Атлантический океан

Florida [florida] — Флорида

Los Angeles [tos'aend3alas] — Лос-Анджелес

Hawaii [ha'wai-i] — Гавайи

Chicago — Чикаго

Mexico ['meksikouj — Мексика

Philadelphia — Филадельфия

District of Columbia — округ Колумбия

Detroit [di'troit] — Детройт

San-Hrancisco [saenf ran'siskou] — Сан-Франциско

Washington — Вашингтон

the Congress ['kongres] — Конгресс

the Rocky Mountains — Скалистые горы

the Senate — Сенат

the Cordillera — Кордильеры

the House of Representatives — Палата представителей

the Sierra Nevada [si'era ni'vada] — Сьерра- Невада

the Republican and the Democratic
Mount McKinley ['maunt ma'kinli] — гора Мак- Кинли

the Mississippi [misi'sipi] — Миссисипи

iron ore — железная руда

manufacturing — промышленность

total area — общая площадь

to border on — граничить с

aircraft ['әakra:ft] — самолеты, самолетостроение

sea-border — морская граница

textile ['tekstail] — текстиль

lowlands ['loulandz] — низменность, долина, ни-

armament ['a:mamәnt] — вооружение

Chinese [tjai'ni:z] — китайский; китаец

to vary —меняться, варьировать

arctic ['a:ktik] — арктический

powers ['pauәz] — полномочия

branch [bra:ntj] — ветвь

the executive [ig'zekjutiv] — исполнительная власть

typhoon [tai'fu:n] — тайфун

the legislative [led3is'leitiv] — законодательная власть
highly developed — высокоразвитый власть

copper — медь

the judicial [d3u:'dijal] — судебная власть
5.5.4 Answer the questions:

1. What industrial centers are there in the east of the country? 2. What is the south famous for? 3. What industries are developed in the country? 4. What states are the most industrialized ones? 5. What precious metals are produced there in the USA? 6. From what countries did people come to the USA? 7. What is the number of the US population? 8. What is the percentage of Negroes in the country? 9. What is the official language of the USA? 10. According to the USA constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches. What are they?

The USA is one of the biggest countries________. It occupies the southern part of ________ and stretches from the Pacific to ________ . Its total territory is about nine and a half million square kilometers. The USA has ________ with Canada in the North and with Mexico in the South. It also has _______ with Russia. The country ________ fifty states and the federal district of _where the capital of the country, Washington, ________.

Columbia consists of sea-border

Is situated of the world border

The North America the Atlantic Ocean
5.5.6 Put the letter “m” for mountains, “o” for ocean etc

1) Rocky_______

2) Atlantic______

3) Iowa ________

4) Pacific_______

5) Appalachian___

6) Boston_______

7) Ontario______

8) Atlanta ______

9) Montana_____.

Washington was named after the first US President George Washington.

Do you know who George Washington is? He was the first person to be elected the President of the United States. He led the American army in many battles during the War for American Independence.

Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It is situated in the District of Columbia and is like no other city of the USA. It's the world's largest one-industry city. And that industry is government. The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US

Congress and the Supreme Court are all in Washington.

Washington was named after the first US President George Washington

He selected the place for the capital and Pierre L'Enfant, a French engineer, designed the city.

Washington was first settled in 1790 and since 1800 it has been the Federal capital.

Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol — a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's affairs. It's easy to get lost in this huge building, full of paintings and statues.

Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress, the largest library in the States. It contains more than 13 million books, more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US presidents.

The White House is the official residence of the US President. He works in the Oval Office.

One can hardly find a park, a square or an open area in Washington without a monument or a memorial. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.

There are some important museums in Washington where you can see ail kinds of things: famous paintings and sculptures, the dresses of President's wives, the original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest blue diamond in the world, etc.

There are 5 universities in Washington.

There are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the city's many monuments from view. No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall.

Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the United States come to see their capital.

manuscript [maenjuskript] — рукопись

to settle ['setl] — поселять, заселятьpersonal

huge [hju:d3J — огромный, колоссальный official

dome [doum]—купол

circle - круг

impressive [im'presiv] - производящий, впечатляющий

pillar ['pile]-столб,

affair [a'fea]- дело

to get lost — заблудиться

diamond ['daiamәnd] — алмаз, бриллиант

to contain [kan'tein] — содержать

skyscraper ['skaiskrәipә] — небоскреб
5.6.2 Answer the questions:

1. Where is Washington situated? 2. Is Washington a typical American city? 3. It's the world's largest one-industry city, isn't it? 4. What important government buildings are situated in Washington? 5. Where does the US president live and work? 6. Who selected the place for the capital of the USA? 7. Is there a monument to George Washington in the city? 8. When was Washington first settled? 9. Who designed the capital of the USA? 10. What places of interest in Washington do you know? 11. How many universities are there in Washington? 12. Why aren't there any skyscrapers in 'Washington?

1. Washington is situated in the District of Columbia and is like no other city of the USA. 2. Washington was named after the first US President George Washington. 3. Washington was first settled in 1790

1. Washington is the world's largest one-industry city. 2. Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States.3. It's easy to get lost in the huge building of the Capitol.

Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, in1899. He was one of Hollywood’s favorite authors. His books, The Old Man and the Sea, The Sun Also Rises, and A Farewell to Arms were made into films. He won the Noble Prize for Literature in 1954. As a hunter, fisherman, boxer, solder, war correspondent and author, Hemingway led a life of action.

Hemingway wrote six novels and more than 50 short stories. His early short fiction was greatly influenced by his outdoor life in the American mid-west.

Emily Dickenson

Emily Dickenson was an American poet. She is now recognized as one of the greatest poets of 19^th – century America.

Emily Dickenson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts. She lived there her whole life. She led an isolated. Her life experiences were very limited, but still her poems deal with the general problems and concerns of the time in witch she lived.

Only 7 or more than 1000 of her poems were published during her lifetime. They were published anonymously.

The major holidays in the USA are:

In addition to commemorating the birth of the United States’ first President, it’s a great day for shoppers. The department stores of Washington, D.C., stated a national tradition of sales marked by unusual bargains.

It is not a national holiday. Many schools, offices and banks close for this day, some stay open. The US Congress observes the birthday of George Washington with speeches and readings from his works.

Memorial Day, May, 30:

It is a national holiday. Schools, banks and offices close for the day. On that day, Americans honor the servicemen who gave their lives in past wars. Schools, clubs and churches decorate the cemeteries. They put up the flags on the graves of the army, navy and airmen. They hold memorial services in churches, halls, parks and cemeteries.

In addition to solemn services Memorial Day is often marked by other, more joyful ceremonies: colorful parades, sport competitions.

Independence Day, July, 4:

On this day, in 1776, America signed the Declaration of Independence. It is a national public holiday celebrated with fireworks and speeches praising “Americanism, democracy, free enterprise”.

It is a holiday of recreation. It marks the end of summer and the beginning of autumn. Vacation time is over. Resorts, camps and beaches close… Parents go to summer camps and take their children back home.

The fighting in World War 1 ended on November, 11, 1918. The Germans signed an armistice with the Allies. For many years this holiday was called Armistice Day. Now it is called Veterans Day.

On this day, the radio and television broadcast services held at the National Cemetery in Arlington. High officials come from Washington to attend these services. They

All Christian world celebrate such holidays as New Year’s Day, Valentine’s Day, Easter, Christmas Day as well as Great Britain and the USA do.

1) If you eat more than you need, a) she wouldn’t sing in the bath

2)If the dog keeps barking, b) what would you do?

3) If I were you, c) he would never get this job.

4) If had driven carefully, d) the extra calories turn into fat.

5) if you are not doing e)we will go to the theatre.

anything later,

6) Had the ice not melted, f) he might have avoid the accident.

7) Henry spoke to his dog as if , g) the neighbors will complain.

8) I wish, h) we would have been here earlier.

9) If it were not for your uncle, i) why don’t you buy a computer?

10) If I have time, j) It could understand him.

11) If I met a fairy one day, k) I wouldn’t buy these jeans.

12) If I had known you l) we could do skating.

were coming,

13 If you were in my shoes, m) come and see me.

14) But for the traffic jam, n) I would make a wish.

15) If you have enough money, o) I would have met you

at the station

5.8 Great Britain

5.7.1 Give the Russian equivalent to the proverbs

1. Every bird likes its own nest.2. East or West home is best.3. My home is my castle.

The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast respectively. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech 'Great Britain' is used to mean the United Kingdom. The capital of the UK is London.

The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest — east, centre and south-east — is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343m).

There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.

The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.

The UK is one of the world's smaller countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80% of the population is urban.

The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.

The UK is a constitutional monarchy. Officially the Head of the state is the Queen. In practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

There are three main political parties in Great Britain; the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties.

Highlands['hailandz]—гористая часть

the Irish Sea — Ирландское море

Lowlands ['ioulәndz] — низменная часть

Ben Nevis [bэn'nevis] —- Бен Невис

the Severn ['sevәn] — Северн

the Thames [temz] — Темза

Gulf Stream ['gаlfstrі:m] — Гольфстрим

the English Channel Английский канал (принятое в Великобритании название про­лива Ла-Манш)

Belfast [belfa:st] — Белфаст

The House of Lords — палата лордов

Cardiff ['ka:dif] — Кардифф

The House of Commons — палата общин

Edinburgh ['edinbәrә] — Эдинбург

respectively [ri'spektivli] — соответственно

machinery [mә'ji:nәri] — машинное оборудование

textile [tekstail] — текстиль

aircraft — самолеты

navigation— судоходство

equipment [i'kwIpmәnt] — оборудование

chief [tfi:f] — главный, основной

shipbuilding — кораблестроение

constitutional monarchy [,konsti'tju:jәnl 'monәki] — конституционная монархия

to reign [rein] — царствовать

1. Where is the UK situated? 2. What countries is the UK made up? 3. What channel separates The British Isles from the European continent? 4. The surface of the country varies very much, doesn’t it? 5. What is the north of Scotland called? 6. Why is the climate of the British Isles mild? 7. What is the total area of the country? 8. What does it produce and export? 9. The UK is a constitutional monarchy. What does it mean? 10. What is the leading party nowadays? 11. Who is the Prime ministry of the country?

1) European-

2) Atlantic-

3) Irish-

4) Highlands-

5) Ben Nevis-

6) Cardiff-

7) Belfast-

8) Scotland-

9) Edinburgh-

10) Gulf Stream-
5.7.5 Match the countries’ capitals and symbols
1) England A) Cardiff a) Shamrock and Red Hand

2) Scotland B) Belfast b) red rose

3) Wales C) London c) Thistle

4) Northern Ireland D) Edinburgh d) Daffodil

1) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles.

2) The United Kingdom is made up of four countries.

3) But in everyday speech 'Great Britain' is used to mean the United Kingdom.

4) The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

5) The UK is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters.

6) The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head.

7) About 80% of the population is urban.

Palace. This famous place, first built in 1703, is in the very centre of London.

It is two places, not one. It is a family house, where the children play and grow up. Buckingham Palace is like a small town, with a police station, two post

offices, a hospital, two sport clubs, a disco, a cinema and a swimming pool.

There are 600 rooms and three miles of a red carpet. About 700 people work in the Palace. When the Queen gets up in the morning, seven people look after her. One starts her bath, one prepares clothes and one feeds the Royal dogs and the sleep in the own bedroom near the Queen bedroom. She has eight or nine dogs. Two people bring her breakfast. Every Tuesday, she meets the Prime Minister

5.8.2 Answer the questions:

1. Why is The Palace like a small town? 2. Are there a lot of clocks? 3. How many dogs does the Queen have? 4. Why do people have two glasses on the table? 5. Who does the Queen speak to during the meal? 6. What happen when the Queen finishes her food?

1. The Palace is more than two hundred years. 2. It is famous because it is in the centre of London. 3. The same person starts the Queen’s bath and prepares her clothes. 4. The dogs sleep in the queen’s bedroom. 5. The Queen and the Prime Minister go out for a drink.

The most popular holiday is Christmas. Every year the people of Norway give the city of London a present. It’s a big Christmas tree and it stands in Trafalgar Square. Central streets are beautifully decorated.

Before Christmas, groups of singers go from house to house. They collect money for charity and sing carols, traditional Christmas songs. Many churches hold a carol service on Sunday before Christmas.

The fun starts the night before, on the 24^th of December. Traditionally this is the day when people decorate their trees. Children hang stockings at the end of their beds, hoping that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and fill them with toys and sweets.

Christmas is a family holidays. Relatives usually meet for the big Christmas dinner of turkey and Christmas pudding. And everyone gives and receives presents. The 26^th of December, Boxing Day, is extra holiday after Christmas Day. This is the time to visit friends and relatives or perhaps sit at home and watch football.

New Year’s Day is less popular in Britain than Christmas. But in Scotland, Hogmanay is the biggest festival of the year.

Beside public holidays there are some special festivals in Great Britain. One of them takes place on the 5^th of November. On that day, in 1605, Guy Fawkes tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament and King James 1. He didn’t succeed. The King’s men found the bomb, took Guy Fawkes to the Tower and cut off his head.

Since that day the British celebrate the 5^th of November. They burn a dummy, made of straw and old clothes, on a bonfire and let off fireworks. This dummy is called a ‘guy’ and children can often be seen in the streets before the 5^th of November saying, ‘Penny for the guy’. If they collect enough money they can buy some fireworks.

There are also smaller, local festivals in Britain.
5.9 London. Windsor Castle

5.9.1 Choose right variant

1 When you arrive to London, the first thing you will do is

A) to go sightseeing

B) to go to the information centre

C) to go to sleep

D) to go to the Kazakh embassy

2 If you choose the place to stay in London you will stay in

A) Buckingham Palace

B) a host family

C) a hotel

D) a hostel

3 When you go sightseeing in London, first you will go to

A) the City

B) Westminster

C) Trafalgar Square

D) The East End

London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world. Traditionally it is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are very different from each other and seem to belong to different towns and epochs.

The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking of them is St Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of English churches. It was built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It was used as a fortress, a royal palace and a prison. Now it is a museum.

Westminster is the historic, the governmental part of London. Westminster Abbey has more historic associations than any other building in Britain. Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned here. Many outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers, poets and painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc. Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, or the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell, known as "Big Ben".

Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen. The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and theatres are situated there. There are splendid houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people.

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square. On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. Not far away is the British Museum — the biggest museum in London. It contains a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is famous for its library. The East End is the poorest district of London. There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks here. The streets are narrow, the buildings are unimpressive. The East End is densely populated by working class families.

commercial - торговый

epoch - эпоха

ancient – древний, старинный

striking - поразительный

church - церковь

to rebuild - перестраивать

fortress - крепость

royal - королевский

palace - дворец

prison - тюрьма

tower - башня

symbol – символ

luxury – роскошь

manuscript - рукопись

unimpressive - невыразительный

densely – грустно
5.9.3 Answer the questions

1. Is London the largest city in the world? 2. What’s the population of London? 3. Name the Parts of London. 4. Who was St. Paul’s Cathedral built by? 5. What is the historic, the governmental part of London? 6. What is Big Ben? 7. Can you describe Trafalgar Square? 8. Where do the working people live? 9. What are the most famous London Museums and art galleries?

1.This place is the hart of the London, Its financial and business centre. 2. The greatest and the most striking church. 3. This place was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1006 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. 4. This place has more historic associations than any other building in Britain. 5. This place is famous for its big hour bell, known as "Big Ben". 6. This place is the official residence of the Queen. 7. This place is the geographical centre of London..

Windsor (lei) twenty-one miles west of London. If you (go) there by train, it (take) you an hour. If you (go) there by buss, it (take) you only a little longer.

Windsor(be) famous for its ancient castle and beautiful countryside. For over 800 years Windsor Castle (be) the residence of the British Royal Family. The Castle (start) by William the Conqueror in the 11^th century. The surrounding countryside (change) little since the time when Chaucer (stand) here looking at the country beneath.

The most important feature of the Castle (be) the Round Tower. It (be) eighty feet high and (can see) from away.

An American lady traveling in England (to get) into a compartment in a smoking carriage where an Englishman (to smoke) a pipe. For a short time she (to sit) quietly, expecting that the Englishman (to stop) smoking. But when the train (to be) under way for half an hour, she (to begin) to cough and sneeze, trying in this way to show him that she (to object) to the smoke. At last, seeing

That all her efforts to attract his attention (to fail), she (to address) him impatiently: “If you (to be) a gentleman, you (to stop) smoking when a lady (to get) into the carriage”. “If you (to be) a lady,” (to reply) the Englishman, “you (not to get) into a smoking carriage.” “If you (to be) my husband,” (to say) the American lady angrily, “I (to give) you a poison.” The Englishman (to look) at her for a moment or two “Well”, he (to say) at last, “If I (to be) your husband, I (to take) it.”
5.9.7 Retell the story, you have read in ex.5.9.6
5.9.8Complete the table ( work in group)

Country	Geographical situation	Geographical characteristic	Branches of economy	Political system
The UK
The USA
Kazakhstan

5.9.10 Retell the topics: 1. Kazakhstan

2.The UK

3.The USA.


6 My University
6.1 My University

6.1.1 Read and make up 5 sentences using the following words

lecture hall – лекционный зал

semester (term) – семестр

school year – учебный год

course of studies – курс обучения

faculty, college, department – факультет

department, chair of – кафедра

Rector – ректор

Dean – декан

head of the department, chief of the department

chair (man, woman) - зав. кафедрой

teaching instructor (TI) – преподаватель

professor – профессор

teaching staff, faculty members – преподавательский состав

full-time student - студент дневного отделения

part-time student – студент – вечерник

student of preparatory courses - слушатель подготовит-ых курсов

undergraduate student – студент 1-4 (5) курсов

freshman – первокурсник

sophomore – второкурсник

junior – третьекурсник

senior – четверокурсник

graduate student – студент 5-6 курсов

master student – студенты, обучающиеся в магистратуре

Ph. D. student – аспирант, докторант

credit -- зачет; credit-book – зачетная книжка

time-table – расписание

grant, scholarship - стипендия

to enter the university – поступить в университет

to graduate from – закончить вуз

to take an exam – сдавать, принимать экзамен

to pass an exam – сдать, выдержать экзамен

to fail an exam – провалить экзамен

to do one’s best – стараться изо всех сил

to do well in – преуспевать в чем – либо

to get behind the group in – отставать от группы по

to catch up with the group – догнать группу

to work hard at – усердно работать над чем - либо

to work by fits and starts – работать урывками
6.1.2 Read the international words and guess their meaning

`history `popular e`xami`nation

`special `course `edu`cation

`session `centre `uni`versity

`student `lecture `insti`tution

`faculty `interesting `inno`vation

I am very happy that I study here. It is one of the finest country’s higher educational institutions. Many famous people have graduated from my University, and not only economists or scientist, but many outstanding writers, actors showmen and politicians. Studying at our University gives a solid background in all spheres of knowledge and prepares for practical work.

Our University is quite large but not very old, compared to other national institutions. It was founded in the beginning of the 20^th century. In 1915, during the World War I the University of Warsaw was evacuated here. First it had only three faculties, but later in became the largest University in the region and it gave birth to other Institutions in the region. Nowadays it is a large school where more than 18000 students are currently enrolled. The majority is full-time students, like me, and the rest are