Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов минск 2010 ббк утверждено на заседании
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Glossaryabstraction n. a general idea not based on any particular real person, thing or situation; accomplish v. to succeed in doing or completing sth; accounting n. the process of work of keeping financial accounts; acquire v if one company acquires another, it buys it acquisition n. when one company buys another or part of another company, or the company or part of a company that is bought administration n. the executive function of a business or a government advertising campaign n. an organization's programme of advertising activities over a particular period with specific aims, for example an increase in sales or awareness of a product advise v. 1 to inform; 2 to suggest affect v. to influence sth agenda n. a list of the subjects to be discussed at a meeting aggressive adj. very determined to win or succeed alliance n. an agreement between two or more organizations to work together AOB n. any other business; the time during a meeting when items not on the agenda can be discussed application n. 1 a formal, usually written, request for something or for permission to do something 2 a formal request for work apply v. 1 to make a formal, usually written request for something, especially a job, a place at university, or permission to do something 2 to use something such as a law or an idea in a particular situation, activity, or process appraisal n. process of estimating the value of a parcel of real estate approach n. a way of dealing with sth/sb, a way of doing or thinking about sth such as a problem or a task; approximate adj. an approximate amount, number etc is a little more or a little less than the exact amount, number etc – approximately adv asset n. something belonging to an individual or a business that has value or the power to earn money assets n. (plural) a company's assets are the things it owns assume v. to think or accept sth is true but without having proof of it; authority n. the moral or legal right or ability to control awareness n. knowledge or understanding of a particular subject, situation, or thing background n. someone's past, for example their education, qualifications, and the jobs they have had bank statement n. information sent regularly by a bank to a customer, showing the money that has gone into and out of their account over a particular period bankrupt 1 n. someone judged to be unable to pay their debts by a court of law, and whose financial affairs are handled by a court official until the debts are settled bankrupt2 adj. not having enough money to pay your debts bankruptcy n. plural bankruptcies when someone is judged to be unable to pay their debts by a court of law, and their assets are shared among their creditors (=those that they owe money to), or a case of this happening barrier to trade also trade barrier n. plural barriers to trade something that makes trade between two countries more difficult or expensive, for example a tax on imports benchmark for n. something that is used for comparing and measuring other things benefits package n. the total amount of pay and all the other advantages that an employee may receive such as bonuses, health insurance, a company car etc bid n. 1 an offer to buy something, for example a company in a takeover, or the price offered 2 an offer to do work or provide services for a fixed price, in competition with other offers billboard n. AmE a large sign used for advertising. Billboards are usually called hoardings in British English blueprint n. a plan for achieving or improving something board also board of directors n. the group of people who' have been elected by shareholders to manage a company bonus n. an extra amount of money added to an employee's wages, usually as a reward for doing difficult work or for doing their work well boom1 n. 1 a time when business activity increases rapidly, so that the demand for goods increases, prices and wages go up, and unemployment falls 2 a time when activity on the stock market reaches a high level and share prices are very high boom2 v. if business, trade, or the economy is booming, it is very successful and growing brand leader n. the brand with the most sales in a particular market bribe1 n. money that is paid secretly and dishonestly to obtain someone's help bribe2 v. to dishonestly give money to someone to persuade them to do something that will help you bribery n. dishonestly giving money to someone to persuade them to do something to help you broker n. a person or organization whose job is to buy and sell shares, currencies, property, insurance etc for others bureaucracy n. plural bureaucracies 1 a system of governing that has a large number of departments and officials 2 disapproving all the complicated rules and processes of an official system, especially when they are confusing or responsible for causing a delay business cycle n. a period during which business activity and general employment alternatively rise and fall capital n. 1 any kind of wealth that is available to support the activities of producing goods and services, that is, of creating more wealth 2 private money and resources which are used to pay for the cost of setting up and running a business cash flow also cashflow n. 1 the amounts of money coming into and going out of a company, and the timing of these 2 profit for a particular period, defined in different ways by different businesses cash generation n. money that a company gets from sales after costs are taken away. Cash generation is often used in talking about the degree to which the company is able to do this categorize v. to put people or things in groups according to what type they are; centralized organisation n. an organisation in which almost all authority is concentrated in a few positions at the top chain of command n. the downward flow of authority, responsibility, and channels of communications within an organisation chair n. 1 the position of being the chairman of a company or organization or the person who is chairman 2 the position of being in charge of a meeting or the person who is in charge of it – chair v. chairman n. the person who is in charge of a committee, a company, etc. challenge n. something that tests your skill or ability, especially in a way that is interesting charge v. to ask someone to pay a particular amount of money for goods, a service etc Chief Executive Officer (CEO) n. the manager with the most authority in the day to day management of a company, especially in the US. The job of CEO is sometimes combined with others, such as that of president clock v clock in/on phr. v. to record on a special card or computer the time you arrive at or begin work clock off/out phr. v. to record on a special card or computer the time you stop or leave work collapse v. if a company, organization, or system collapses, it suddenly fails or becomes too weak to continue – collapse n. commission n. an amount of money paid to someone according to the value of goods, services, investments etc they have sold commitment n. a promise to do smth or to behave in a particular way committee n. a group of people within an organisation formally assigned the responsibility to discuss, or deal directly, with a well-defined matter commodity n. a substance or product that can be traded, bought or sold compensation n. 1 an amount paid to someone because they have been hurt or harmed in some way 2 the total of pay and benefits for an employee, especially a high-level manager competency n. the ability to do something to a level that is acceptable competitive advantage n. something that helps you to be better or more successful than others concept n. an idea for a product, business etc conceptual adj. related to or based on ideas concern v. to take an interest in sth; be concerned with sth adj be about sth conman n. someone who tries to get money from people by tricking them consortium n. plural consortiums or consortia a combination of several companies working together for a particular purpose, for example in order to buy something or build something consumer n. a person who buys goods or uses services consumer behaviour BrE consumer behavior AmE n. how, why, where, and when consumers buy things, and the study of this control v. to check, to regulate standards controlling n. the mechanisms for checking the results controlling interest n. the situation where one shareholder owns enough shares to control a company controlling shareholder also majority shareholder n. someone who owns more than half the shares in a company cooperate v. to work together with smb else to achieve sth coordinate v. to determine the position, rank authority coordinating n. bringing into orderly relation of part and whole copycat product n. a product that copies a competitor's idea for a product core adj. core business/activity/product the business, activity etc that makes most money for a company and that is considered to be its most important and central one corrupt1 adj. using power in a dishonest or illegal way in order to get money or an advantage of some kind corrupt2 v. to encourage someone to behave in an immoral or dishonest way –corrupted adj., corruptible adj., corruptibility n. corruption n. 1 the crime of giving or receiving money, gifts, a better job etc in exchange for doing something dishonest or illegal that helps another person or company 2 when someone who has power or authority uses it in a dishonest or illegal way to get money or an advantage cost n. the amount of money that you need to buy, make or do sth counterfeit1 adj. made to look exactly like something else, usually illegally counterfeit2 v. to copy something so that it looks like something else, usually illegally – counterfeiter n. crash1 n. 1 a time when many investments lose their value very quickly, usually when investors lose confidence in the market and sell 2 an occasion when a computer or computer software suddenly and unexpectedly stops working or fails to work properly crash2 v. 1 if stock markets, shares etc crash, they suddenly lose a lot of value 2 if a computer crashes, or if you crash a computer, it suddenly and unexpectedly stops working creatively adv. involving the use of skill and the imagination to produce sth new crisis n. plural crises 1 a period or moment of great difficulty, danger, or uncertainty, especially in politics or economics 2 a time when a personal problem or situation has reached its worst point culture n. 1 the ideas, beliefs, and customs that are shared and accepted by people in a society 2 the attitudes or beliefs that are shared by a particular group of people or in a particular organization customs n. the government department responsible for collecting the tax on goods that have been brought into the country and making sure that illegal goods are not imported or exported data n. singular datum facts or information, especially when examined and used to find out things to make decisions deal with v. to solve a problem, to perform a task, etc. deceit n. when someone tries to gain an advantage for themselves by tricking someone, for example by making a false statement deceive v. to make someone believe something that is not true in order to get what you want decentralized organisation n. an organisation in which much authority is delegated to managers who are close to the actual operations decision making n. the process of deciding about sth important, especially in a group of people or in an organization decline v. 1 if an industry or country declines, it becomes less profitable, productive, wealthy etc 2 if sales, output, production etc decline, they become less – decline n. dedication n. the hard work and effort that smb puts into an activity or purpose because they think it is important defect n. a fault or the lack of something that means that a product etc is not perfect – defective adj., defectively adv. demand n. 1 spending on goods and services by companies and people in a particular economy 2 the total amount of a type of goods or services that people or companies buy in a particular period 3 the total amount of a type of goods or services that people or companies would buy if they were available demerge v. if a company or unit demerges from a group, or if it is demerged, it becomes a separate company – demerger n. deregulate v. if a government deregulates a particular business activity, it allows companies to operate more freely so as to increase competition – deregulation n. design v. to decide how sth will look, work, especially drawing plans or making models determine v. to make sth happen in a particular way devious adj. using dishonest tricks and deceiving people to get what you want – deviously adv., deviousness n. differentiation n. when a company shows how its products are different from each other and from competing products, for example in its advertising – differentiate v. disclosure n. 1 the duty of someone in a professional position to inform customers, shareholders etc about facts that will influence their decisions 2 the act of giving information about someone by an organization or person who would normally have to keep that information secret, for example when a bank gives information about a customer's accounts to the police 3 a fact which is made known after being kept secret dismissal n. when someone is removed from their job by their employer disposal n. 1 the act of getting rid of something 2 an asset that is sold, and the act of selling it dispose v. 1 if you dispose of something, you get rid of it 2 formal if a company disposes of a particular asset, activity etc, it sells it distribution n. the system of transporting and delivering goods distribution channel also distribution chain n. the way a product is made available and sold, the organizations involved etc diverse adj. very different from each other and of various kinds diversify v. 1 if a company or economy diversifies, it increases the range of goods or services it produces 2 to start to put your money into different types of investments in addition to the investments you already have – diversification n. – diversity n. downmarket 1 also downscale AmE adj. involving goods and services that are cheap and perhaps not of very good quality compared to others of the same type, or the people that buy them downmarket2 also downscale AmE adv. go/move downmarket/downscale to start buying or selling cheaper goods or services dress code n. the way that you are expected to dress in a particular situation, as an employee of a particular company etc drive n. 1 someone's energy, motivation, and ability to work hard 2 [usually singular] an effort to improve or increase the level of something drop1 v. 1 to fall to a lower level or amount 2 to stop doing or planning something drop away/off phr. v. to become lower in level or amount drop2 n. [usually singular] if there is a drop in the amount, level, or number of something, it goes down or becomes less dumping n. the activity of selling products in an export market cheaper than in the home market, or cheaper than they cost to make, usually in order to increase market share durable adj. if something is durable, it lasts a long time – durability n. economies of scale n. [plural] the advantages that a bigger factory, shop etc has over a smaller one because it can spread its fixed costs over a larger number of units and thus produce or sell things more cheaply economy drive n. a planned effort by an organization to reduce costs effect n. a result or consequence of an action effectively adv. in a way that producers the intended result or a successful result efficiently adv. doing sth well and thoroughly with no waste of time or money emergence n. starting to exist employ v. 1 to pay someone to do a job 2 formal to use something employee n. a person who is paid to work for somebody endorse v. if someone, usually famous, endorses a product, they say how good it is in advertisements. People will buy the product because they like or trust the person – endorsement n. entrepreneur n. an individual who uses personal initiative to organise a new business equipment n. the things needed for a particular purpose or activity essential adj. extremely important in a particular situation or for a particular activity ethical adj. 1 connected with principles of what is right and wrong 2 morally good or correct – ethically adv. ethics n. [plural] moral rules or principles of behaviour that should guide members of a profession or organization and make them deal honestly and fairly with each other and with their customers etiquette n. the formal rules for polite behaviour expand v. 1 to become larger in size, amount, or number, or to make something larger in size, amount, or number 2 if a company expands, it increases its sales, areas of activity etc – expansion n. extent n. how large, important, serious etc. sth is extort v. to illegally force someone to give you money by threatening them – extortion n. facet n. a particular part or aspect of sth facility1 n. usually singular a helpful service or feature that a machine or system has facility2 n. plural facilities 1 a place or large building which is used to make or provide a particular product or service 2 facilities [plural] special buildings or equipment that have been provided for a particular use, such as sports activities, shopping or travelling fake1 adj. made to look like something valuable or genuine in order to deceive people fake2 n. a copy of an original document, valuable object etc that is intended to deceive people into believing it is the real document, object etc fall1 v. to go down to a lower price, level, amount etc fall2 n. 1 a reduction in the amount, level, price etc of something 2 when a person or organization loses their position of power or becomes unsuccessful fee n. an amount of money paid for a particular piece of work fiddle n. BrE informal 1 a dishonest way of getting money or not paying money 2 be on the fiddle to be getting money dishonestly or illegally flaw n. 1 a mistake or weakness in a machine, system etc that prevents it from working correctly 2 a mistake in an argument, plan, or set of ideas flexible adj. 1 a person, plan etc that is flexible can change or be changed easily to suit any new situation 2 if arrangements for work are flexible, employers can ask workers to do different jobs, work part-time rather than full-time, give them contracts for short periods etc. Flexible working also includes job-sharing and working from home – flexibility n. flexitime BrE also flextime AmE n. a system in which people who work in a company do a fixed number of hours each week, but can choose what time they start or finish work within certain limits flight of capital also capital flight n. when money is moved rapidly out of a country, usually because its economy is doing badly or there is political uncertainty fluctuate v. if prices, income, rates etc fluctuate, they change, increasing or falling often or regularly – fluctuating adj. fluctuation n. the movement of prices, income, rates etc as they increase and fall focus group n. a group of people brought together to discuss their feelings and opinions about a particular subject. In market research, focus groups discuss their opinions of products, advertisements, companies etc focus n. when a company serves particular groups of customers in a market with particular needs, rather than serving the whole market franchise1 n. 1 an arrangement in which a company gives a business the right to sell its goods or services in return for payment or a share of the profits 2 a particular shop, restaurant etc that is run under a franchise, or a company that owns a number of these franchise2 v. to sell franchises to people – franchising n. franchisee n someone who is sold a franchise and operates it free port n. a port where import duty does not have to be paid on imports that are to be sent to another country to be sold, or used to manufacture goods that will be sold abroad functional organization n. an internal business structure in which all managers are assigned the responsibility for all activities and decisions in certain defined functional areas of operation. global adj. 1 affecting or involving the whole world 2 including and considering all the parts of a situation together, rather than the individual parts separately – globally adv. global economy n. [singular] the economy of the world seen as a whole globalization also -isation BrE n. the tendency for the world economy to work as one unit, led by large international companies doing business all over the world globalize also -ise BrE v. if a company, an industry, or an economy globalizes or is globalized, it no longer depends on conditions in one country, but on conditions in the world as whole goal n. an object of effort or ambition goodwill payment n. a payment made by a supplier to a customer because of a problem the customer has had, for example with quality or late delivery of goods gross domestic product (GDP) n. [singular] the total value of goods and services produced in a country's economy, not including income from abroad gross domestic product per capita n. [singular] the total value of goods and services produced in a country divided by the number of people living there grow v 1 to increase in amount, size, or degree 2 if you grow a business activity, you make it bigger growth n. an increase in size, amount, or degree headquarters n. [plural] the head office or main building of an organization – headquartered adj. hierarchy n. a system in an organization in which people are organized into different levels of importance from highest to lowest hot-desking n. when people working in an office do not each have their own desk, but work where there is one available identify v. who or what smb/sth is impose on v. to officially order that something should be forbidden or taxed incentive n. something which is used to encourage people, especially to make them work harder, produce more or spend more money income statement n. AmE a financial document showing the amount of money earned and spent in a particular period of time by a company. This is usually called the profit and loss account in British English incremental adj. 1 an incremental process is one where things happens in small steps 2 an incremental amount, sum etc is small when considered by itself industrial espionage n. the activity of secretly finding out a company's plans, details of its products etc industry n. a collection of all the businesses that perform similar operations to provide the same kind of goods or services, for example, the steel industry infant industry n. an industry in its early stages of development in a particular country. Some people think that infant industries should be helped with government money and protected from international competition by import taxes etc infrastructure n. 1 the basic systems and structures that a country needs to make economic activity possible, for example transport, communications, and power supplies 2 the basic systems and equipment needed for an industry or business to operate successfully or for an activity to happen innovate v. to design and develop new and better products – innovator n. innovation n. 1 a new idea, method, or invention 2 the introduction of new ideas or methods innovative adj. 1 an innovative product, method, process etc is new, different, and better than those that existed before 2 using clever new ideas and methods – innovatively adv. insider trading n. when someone uses knowledge of a particular company, situation etc that is not available to other people in order to buy or sell shares. Insider trading is illegal. insurance n. protection of oneself against risk by regularly paying a special company integrate v. to combine two or more things so that they work together integrity n. 1 the state of being united or kept together as one whole, and therefore strong, unit 2 complete honesty intelligence v. the ability to learn, understand and think in a logical way about things; the ability to do this well intended adj. that you are trying to achieve interact v. to communicate with smb, especially when you work with them interest n. 1 an amount paid by a borrower to a lender, for example to a bank by someone borrowing money for a loan, or by a bank to a depositor (=someone keeping money in an account there) 2 the interest rate at which a particular sum of money is borrowed and lent 3 the part of a company that someone owns 4 the possession of rights, especially to land, property etc inventory control n. AmE making sure that supplies of raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods are managed correctly. Inventory control is called stock control in British English inventory n. plural inventories AmE 1 a supply of raw materials or parts before they are used in production, or a supply of finished goods. Inventories of raw materials or parts are usually called stocks in British English 2 a supply of goods, kept for sale by a shop or other retailer. Inventories of goods are usually called stocks in British English ISO 9000 the ISO's quality standard for companies producing goods ISO 9001/9002 the ISO's quality standards for companies providing services ISO n. 1 the name used internationally for the International Organization for Standardization, whose purpose is to establish international standards for services, goods, and industrial methods jingle n. a short song or tune used in advertisements joint venture n. a business activity in which two or more companies have invested together kickback n. informal a bribe (=money that is paid secretly and dishonestly to obtain someone's help) knowledge worker n. someone whose job involves dealing with information, rather than making things labor union n. AmE an organization representing people working in a particular industry or profession, especially in meetings with their employers. Labor unions are called trade unions in British English laisser-faire also laissez-faire n. the idea that governments should do as little to the economy as possible and allow private business to develop without the state controlling or influencing them land n. the earth's surface extending downward to the center of the earth and upward to infinity, including those things permanently attached by nature, such as trees and water launch1 v. 1 to show or make a new product available for sale for the first time 2 to start a new company 3 to start a new activity, usually after planning it carefully launch2 n. 1 an occasion at which a new product is shown or made available for sale or use for the first time 2 the start of a new activity or plan leadership n. 1 the position or function of a leader 2 the period during which a person occupies the position of leader during her leadership very little was achieved 3 the ability to lead 4 the leaders as a group of a party, union, etc lease n. a legal agreement by which money is paid in order to use land, a building, etc for an agreed period of time lessee n. someone who is legally allowed to use a house, building, land for a fixed period of time in return for payment to the owner lessor n. someone who allows someone else to use their house, building, land for a period of time for payment letter of credit (l/c) n. plural letters of credit in foreign trade, a written promise by an importer's bank to pay the exporter's bank on a particular date or after a particular event, for example when the goods are sent by the exporter level1 n. 1 the measured amount of something that exists at a particular time or in a particular place 2 all the people or jobs within an organization, industry etc that have similar importance and responsibility level2 v. level off/out phr. v. to stop climbing or growing and become steady or continue at a fixed level liability n. 1 [singular] an amount of money owed by a business to a supplier, lender, or other creditor 2 liabilities [plural] the amounts of money owed by a business considered together, as shown in its balance sheet 3 a person's or organization's responsibility for loss, damage, or injury caused to others or their property, or for payment of debts liberalize also -ise BrE v. to make a system, laws, or moral attitudes less strict – liberalization n. limited company also limited liability company n. a company where individual shareholders lose only the cost of their shares if the company goes bankrupt, and not other property they own line organization n. an internal business structure in which every employee is a member of a direct chain of command from the top executives down through the levels of management line-and-staff organization n. an internal business structure in which the staff specialists perform technical services and provide expert guidance to line managers. listing agreement n. a contract of employment that establishes the rights of the broker as an agent of a principal logo n. plural logos a design or way of writing its name that a company or organization uses as its official sign on its products, advertising etc loophole n. a small mistake in a law that makes it possible to do something the law is supposed to prevent you from doing, or to avoid doing something that the law is supposed to make you do lose v. 1 to stop having something any more, or to have less of it 2 to have less money than you had before or to spend more money than you are receiving 3 to fall to a lower figure or price lose something (to smb/sth) to have something such as a contract or customers taken away by someone or something lose ground to become less in value or to lose an advantage loss n. 1 the fact of no longer having something that you used to have 2 when a business or part of a business spends more money in costs than it gets in sales in a particular period, or loses money on a particular deal, problem etc loyal adj. if customers are loyal to a particular product, they continue to buy it and do not change to other products – loyalty n. manage v. to keep smb/sth under control management n. the act of conducting, skilful employment of a business managerial adj. connected with the work of a manager margin also profit margin n. the difference between the price of a product or service and the cost of producing it, or between the cost of producing all of a company's products or services and the total sum they are sold for market challenger n. an organization or product that may take the place of the organization or product that has the highest sales in its market or industry market leader n. an organization or product that has the highest sales, or one of the highest sales, in its market or industry market nicher n. a product or service sold in a niche market (=a market for a product or service, perhaps an expensive or unusual one, that does not have many buyers) or the company that sells it marketing mix n. [usually singular] the combination of marketing actions often referred to as product, price, place, and promotion: selling the right product, through appropriate distribution channels, at the right price in relation to other products and for the profitability of the company, with the correct support in terms of advertising, sales force etc matrix organization n. an internal business structure which allows a project manager to exercise temporary authority over a number of specialists who also must report to different line managers for supervision in their specialties merchandise n. goods that are produced in order to be sold, especially goods that are sold in a store merge v. if two or more companies, organizations etc merge, or if they are merged, they join together merger n. an occasion when two or more companies, organizations etc join together to form a larger company etc middleman n. plural middlemen a person, business, organization etc that buys things in order to sell them to someone else, or that helps to arrange business deals for other people mission n. a specific task or duty assigned to a person or group of people mission statement n. a short written statement made by an organization, intended to communicate its aims to customers, employees, shareholders etc model n. 1 a particular type or design of a vehicle or machine 2 a simple description or structure that is used to help people understand similar systems or structures 3 the way in which something is done by a particular country, person etc that can be copied by others who want similar results monitor sth v. to carefully watch or measure something to see how it changes over a period of time morale n. the level of confidence and positive feelings among a group of people who work together motivate v. 1 to encourage someone and make them want to achieve something and be willing to work hard in order to do it 2 to provide the reason why someone does something – motivating adj. motivated adj. very keen to do something or achieve something, especially because you find it interesting or exciting motivation n. 1 eagerness and willingness to do something without needing to be told or forced to do it 2 the reason why you want to do something motivator = incentive n. smth which is used to encourage people, esp. to make them work harder multiple adj. many in number, involving many different people or things nepotism n. the practice of giving jobs to members of your family when you are in a position of power niche market n. a market for a product or service, perhaps an expensive or unusual one that does not have many buyers but that may be profitable for companies who sell it objective n. sth that you are trying to achieve open-plan office n. open-plan offices do not have walls dividing them into separate rooms operate v. work, act, be in action operating n. carrying on a business optimize also -ise BrE v. to make the best possible use of something or to do something in the best possible way organization also –sation BrE n. all the people, their roles, and relationships, that make up the human resources of an enterprise organize v. put into working order, arrange the separate parts so they could work together organizing n. the deployment of organizational resources to achieve strategic objectives. overdraft n. an arrangement with your bank that allows you to spend more money than you have in your account overtime n. 1 time that you spend working in your job in addition to your normal working hours 2 time that a factory, office etc is operating in addition to its normal hours 3 the money that you are paid for working more hours than usual ownership n. legal right of possession жүктеу/скачать 2.22 Mb. 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