Лекции Reviews, Lectures
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| INTRODUCTION. Currently, herbal medicines are
gaining popularity and are used both in the treatment and prevention of various diseases [1, 2]. This may be due to the fact that herbal medicines have a low toxicity at a suffi ciently high effi ciency, a wide range of therapeutic effects, a complex effect on the human body with their rational use. They are and also relatively cheap in comparison with synthetic drugs [3]. Currently, cardiovascular diseases remain the most important social and medical problem in many countries. Thus, according to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause for death in the world, so the problems of prevention and timely treatment of this pathology acquire special urgency [4, 5]. In this regard, the drugs based on hawthorn, are of great interest [6, 7]. The reparations based on hawthorn have been used in folk medicine for a long time. The fi rst mention of the positive effect of hawthorn on the heart refers to the fi rst century of our era [8]. The use of hawthorn for treatment of cardiovascular diseases dates back to the late 1800s, when hawthorn was supposed to be used as an alternative therapy for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases such as angina, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, arrhythmia, etc. [9]. The authors describe the studies on the reduction of the cholesterol level and triglycerides in the blood of animals while using hawthorn raw materials [10, 11]. The studies on rats, mice, rabbits and cats have shown that hawthorn extract can slowly and steadily reduce blood pressure by expanding peripheral vessels [12, 13]. As for hawthorn raw materials, some authors also notify the presence of antibacterial activity against a number of microorganisms, in particular against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans [14, 15]. In addition, some sources describe the antioxidant effect of extracts from hawthorn raw materials [16, 17, 18]. Currently hawthorn attracts the attention of doctors and researchers by its cardiotonic and cardioprotective properties, which is confi rmed by numerous clinical studies [19]. Thus, in 2003 a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled studies of hawthorn extract (Crataegus pinnatifi da Bunge) for treatment of patients with chronic heart failure showed the presence of a cardiovascular benefi t compared with placebo [20]. A group of Chinese scientists in 2014 published a randomized, double-blind study of the use of multicomponent herbal preparation based on hawthorn in the treatment of dyslipidemia. As a result of the conducted research it was found out that this herbal preparation caused a slight decrease in plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins after a 12-week course
111 Pharmacy & Pharmacology V. 6 N 2, 2018 DOI:10.19163/2307-9266-2018-6-2-104-120 of treatment, without causing undesirable phenomena [21]. In 2015, a group of Iranian scientists conducted a comparative study of the effects of aerobic exercise and the use of hawthorn extract (Crataegus oxyacantha
E-selectin in patients with stable angina. As a result, it was concluded that aerobic exercises and the use of
reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis and further problems connected with the cardiovascular system [22]. It is also interesting that there was a study published in 2016, in the course of which it was concluded that hawthorn leaf extract (Crataegus azarolus L.) stimulates antiproliferative activity, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells HT-29 and HCT-116 [23]. In the Russian Federation, hawthorn fl owers and fruits (Crataegus L.) are used to obtain cardiotonic medicinal drugs [24, 25]. Abroad, medicines on the basis of hawthorn leaves and fl owers have got widely spread [26, 27, 28]. On the territory of our country there are about 40 species of wild-growing hawthorns [29, 30]. Of the 12 species of hawthorn included into the current State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR, XI-th edition (GF USSR XI), 9 grow on the territory of the Russian Federation, and the fruits and fl owers are the pharmacopoeial species of hawthorn raw materials in Russia [24, 25]. At the moment the quality of raw materials is regulated by the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR of the XI-th edition, as the discussed types of hawthorn raw materials are not included into the current State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of the XIII-th edition [31, 32, 33]. The United States Pharmacopeia of the 32-nd edition describes hawthorn raw materials, representing leaves with fl owers collected from the species Crataegus monogyna Jacq. or Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC., also known as Crataegus oxyacantha L [27]. The European Pharmacopoeia (the 8-th edition) refers to the medicinal hawthorn raw materials the fruits of such species as Crataegus monogyna Jacq (Lindm.),
and leaves with fl owers of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Lindm.) or C. laevigata (Poir.) DC. (synonyms for C. oxyacanthoides Thuill, C. oxyacantha auct.) and other European hawthorn species, including C. pentagyna Waldst., C. nigra Waldst. and C. azarolus L [26]. The Belarusian Pharmacopoeia includes articles from the European Pharmacopoeia on fruits, leaves with fl owers, as well as some specifi c articles on hawthorn fl owers and leaves. The leaves of Crataegus sanguinea Pall. and C. laevigata (Poir) DC. (synonym of C. oxyacantha sensu Pojark.) and the fl owers of 14 species of hawthorn, including Crataegus sanguinea Pall.; C. Laevigata (Poir) DC., C. korolkowii L. Henry; C. altaica (Loud.) Lange and others are considered to be included into Pharmacopoeia
[28]. The Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan refers fruits of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. or Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. (synonym for Crataegus oxyacantha L.) to medicinal raw materials [34].
According to the literature data, hawthorn leaves, fl owers and fruits are known to contain a lot of biofl avonoids, which seem to be primarily responsible for the cardiotonic action of the plant, leading to the development and use of extracts from the hawthorn leaves and fl owers in European countries. Biofl avonoids found in hawthorn include oligomeric procyanidins, vitexin, quercetin and hyperoside. The hawthorn raw materias also contain vitamin C, saponins, tannins, cardiotonic amines (phenylethylamine, tyramine, isobutylamine, O-methoxyphenylethylamine, choline and acetylcholine), purine derivatives (adenosine, adenine, guanine, caffeine, amygdalin), triterpenic acids (ursolic acid) [35, 36, 37, 38, 39]. As a result of the research conducted by a group of Samara scientists, the dominant fl avonoid vitexin was isolated from the fruits of hawthorn, and the hyperoside – from the hawthorn fl owers [40]. THE AIM of the work is to analyze and systematize the research results in the fi eld of chemical standardization of hawthorn raw materials in pharmacopoeias of different countries. жүктеу/скачать 488.75 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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