Литература:
1.
Величко А.В. Книга о грамматике. Для преподавателей русского языка как
иностранного / А.В. Величко. – СПб.: Златоуст, 2018. – 752 с.
2.
Национальный корпус русского языка. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим
доступа: http://ruscorpora.ru/index.html.
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Gagarina V.R.
Kazan Federal University, Department of Contrastive Linguistics,
I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay Higher School of the Russian Language and Intercultural
Communication,
Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication
GRAMMATICAL NORMS AND THEIR VIOLATION IN THE TEXT OF MODERN
ENGLISH-LANGUAGE SONG DISCOURSE
Abstract: In the article, the coherence and integrity are defined as the main categories of
the text. Aimed to clear delineation of these concepts, the author uses the terms “cohesion” and
“coherence”. The author analyzes the principles of classification in various types of cohesion in
modern studies of text and discourse.
Key words: text; discourse; songs; linguistic aspects
The relevance of research. Since the middle of the 20th century, British and American
bands of various musical styles have been under the scrutiny of young people around the world,
while performers of musical compositions have become objects of admiration and imitation. The
author's motives, recorded in the products of song discourse, can be aimed to the formation of the
value system and social position of the listener [1]. Discourse - is a thought process reflected in a
language, which gives an idea about the totality of speech actions of its participants in the socio-
context [Latyshev, 2020]. The English-language song discourse is dominant on a global scale.
According to D. Crystal [2], more than 90% of groups and solo singers of contemporary music
sing in English, and their native language does not matter. However, the global nature of the
distribution of the English-language texts in song discourse cannot but make a certain impact on
these texts, mainly in terms of their simplification: the lyric should not contain complex
grammatical phenomena, realities and idioms that may be incomprehensible to an audience for
which English is not a native language. The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations data indicate that the
texts of the English-language song discourse can and will serve as a source of English language
supplementing, along with the texts of world fiction, cinema, etc.
According to many linguists, one of the main categories of text is coherence (N. S. Valgina,
I. R. Galperin, K. Ya. Cuzco, V. A. Kukharenko). At the same time, the problem of determining
the types of connectivity and their systematization does not have a clear-cut solution, since the text
is not only an informational and structural unity, but also a functionally complete linguistic
entirety.
The purpose of this article is to identify the most common deviations from the norm in the
lyrics of modern songs in English.
The relevance of this work is beyond doubt - the data of this research work can be used in
lessons on text interpretation, practical and theoretical grammar in schools and other educational
institutions, and will also be of interest to those who are fond of studying modern English.
Research methods. To solve the problems posed in the work, a complex of basic general
scientific and special theoretical and empirical literary research methods was used: cultural-
historical (to study the evolution of scientific and artistic-critical views on the formation of the
genre of song lyrics in diachrony); philological (in order to get acquainted with the source base to
identify the features of the aesthetic code of modern songs in synchronism); functional (to study
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the role and place of the genre of song lyrics in fiction); systemic (for studying the existing and
developing of a new conceptual-categorical apparatus with the aim of analyzing song lyrics
through the prism of the semiotics of art as a special sign system); method of critical analysis of
scientific sources, contextual-interpretive method, observation and descriptive-comparative
method, questionnaires, content and quantitative analysis.
The scientific novelty of the study. A comprehensive analysis of the methods of speech
influence in song discourse on the material of English-language musical compositions, which
convey mainly implicit information was carried out for the first time.
Considering the text as a dynamic phenomenon, whether “immersed in life” speech,, or
mortion of flow between communicators, we can assume that coherence is a text-discursive
category, defined cohesively by the qualities of linguistic units actualized in speech and
conditioned by the specifics of the given speech genre (in our case - song) discourse [3].
As scientists note, the presence of cohesion means does not always indicate that a set of
sentences is a coherent text and some texts which do not contain formal indicators of cohesion are
quite logical and are easily perceived by the recipient (reader). However, in most cases, it is
cohesion that is the basis of the semantic unity of text and discourse [4, с. 46].
Contemporary English song is of interest not only to the target audience, but also to
linguists, analyzing the song discourse. Since English-language songs are directly influenced by
spoken English, it should be noted that all trends in the development of spoken English are
reflected in the lyrics of modern songs, in particular on the grammatical component.
Many of us love listening to foreign singers, who make a strong impact on our perception
of foreign speech. A good song will not only help you to relax and have fun, but it will also keep
you interest in learning English, and will also help you to learn something new for yourself.
However, modern songs do not influence our perception of linguistic norms in the best way, since
they often contain slang, violation of grammatical norms and even profane language. This does
not mean at all that songwriters do not know their language.
Most likely, this is a desire to bring the words of the song closer to colloquial speech,
where, of course, there are also incorrect phrases, and unusual word order, and abbreviations, and
grammatical errors, i.e. what is completely unacceptable in official writing, and in literate oral
speech. It is believed that “wrong language” is more common in spoken American English and is
especially common in Afro-American dialects. Many people do not like rap precisely because of
the uncivil wrong language. But lately, there has been a dangerous tendency towards illiterate
composition of texts in other, more popular types of music.
Let us consider the concept of “grammatical norm”. According to L. L. Nelubina,
grammatical norm is a set of grammatical rules and practice aimed to direct and order the speech
activity of speakers in a given language. Grammatical norms include morphological norms and
syntactical ones:
- morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical word forms in different parts
of speech (gender, number of a noun, short forms, degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.);
- syntactical norms prescribe the correct construction of the basic syntactic units - phrases and
sentences.
Violation of the grammatical norm, as a rule for the use of morphological forms in different
parts of speech and syntactic constructions, leads to ambiguity, incorrect word and form use. The
degree of correctness and appropriateness of speech is determined by linguistic and stylistic norms,
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is in direct proportion to the rules of word usage, grammar, spelling and punctuation generally
accepted in the language. Observation of grammatical norms is one of the main criteria for the
correctness of speech and speech culture.
Let us consider the deviations from the norm which are found in modern English-language
songs.
1. Abbreviations in writing and in speech
Large simplifications of the text in modern songs occur in terms of spelling, which
subsequently led to incorrect pronunciation (many such examples have so strongly merged into
public life that they began to belong not to spelling inconsistencies, in contrast to the correct
spelling of the word, as it is indicated in the dictionary, but to the youth slang of English-speaking
residents). Non-standard spelling is used to reflect the sound of some phrases in colloquial speech
and writing, especially in song lyrics.
These are short forms of common words which show up in speech when you speak quickly.
For example, "gonna" is short for "going to".
If you say “going to” quickly without pronouncing every word, you get something like
“gonna”. Let us consider some examples of the most common abbreviations.
Abbreviations of English words and expressions:
Ain’t = am not/are not/is not: I ai’t sure. You ain’t my boss.
Ain’t = has not/have not: I ain’t done it. She ain’t finished yet.
gimme = give me: Don’t gimme that rubbish. Can you gimme a hand?
gonna = going to: Nothing’s gonna change my love for you. What are you gonna do?
gotta = (have) got a: I’ve gotta gun. / I gotta gun. Have you gotta car?
gotta = (have) got to: I’ve gotta go now. / I gotta go now. We haven’t gotta do that. Have they
gotta work?
kinda = kind of: She’s kinda cute.
lemme = let me: Lemme go!
wanna = want to: I wanna go home.
wanna = want a: I wanna coffee.
whatcha = what are you: Whatcha going to do?
whatcha = what have you: Whatcha got there?
ya = you: Who saw ya?
2. Skipping words
The last sounds in some words are swallowed, which is also characteristic of careless
colloquial speech. In writing, an apostrophe (‘) is sometimes used instead of missing letters. These
and other similar distortions are considered unacceptable in standard writing. Moreover, there are
some words where the first or even the first two letters are missing.
wit’- with
talkin’- talking
3. Violation of grammatical norms
1. The tendency of double negation is noticeable, which is a gross grammatical error. (Often used
for fortition). “I did not kill nobody”
2. Double indication of grammatical tense. “I didn’t know” instead of “didn’t know”.
3. Skipping personal pronouns at the beginning of sentences.
4. The use of a pronoun in the wrong form.
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“between you and I” (instead of “me”).
“If you have any questions see Mr Jones or myself (instead of “me”).
“There is something for we (instead of “us”) Americans to do.”
5. Strengthening the degrees of comparison of adjectives with the help of additional irregular
forms.
6. Omitting articles, both definite and indefinite. The definite article often falls out in traditional
constructions (“in USA”; “to enter first grade”), but appears in phrases where it is traditionally not
used: in the names of unique phenomena, with proper names, etc. (“On the Saturday”; “The
Trafalgar Square”).
7. Violation of word order (especially in questions).
8. Skipping predicate or part of it.
9. Violation of subject-verb agreement. “She’s got a ticket to ride and she don’t (instead of
“doesn’t”) care.”
10. In search of expressive means of artistic speech, the authors sometimes resort to word creation,
which shows insufficient mastery of grammatical forms variety. “Fergalicious”
11. Incorrect use of time.
“Now, when I was a little boy at the age of five I had smthin’ in my pocket keep a lot of folks
alive.”
12. Changing the form of a word in order to maintain rhyme. “Song she sang to me, song she brang
to me.”
13. Incorrect pronunciation of words, namely ‘spelling’ (spelling a word, which generally carries
a spelling error). “T, to the A, to the S-T-EY, girl you tasty”.
Thus, despite the fact that a certain genre canon is inherent in the modern English-language song
discourse, modern songwriters tend to go beyond the canon, simplify the song text and thereby
bring the song discourse closer to the spoken one. [2].
The paradox of the existence of grammatical rules is that the concept of a norm does not exist
without violations of the norm. Language errors are a consequence of the complex interaction of
various factors and processes, therefore, their study allows you to understand the interaction of
human thought and language processes better.
Backstreet boys
I Wanna Be With You
I wanna be with you
It’s crazy but it’s true
In everything I do (oh oh)
I wanna be with you.
I’d like to know your policy
When it comes to me
Violation of grammatical norms:
The Rolling Stones - (I can’t get no) Satisfaction
In the song: “I can’t get no satisfaction”
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No-pronoun is used before any noun, but get is not a noun and the regular pronoun is any.
Any - used in negative and interrogative sentences
Correct: “I can’t get any satisfaction”
Translation: “I cannot get satisfaction”
U2 - Boyfriend
In the song: “I still haven’t found what I’m looking for”
For- can be used to mean:
Objectives - For example: We’ve decorated the room for your return!
We have decorated the room for your return!
Correct: “I still haven’t found for what I’m looking”
Translation: “I still haven’t found what I was looking for.”
James Brown - I got you (I feel good)
In the song: “I feel good”
Good is an adjective. It is used when it is necessary to give more information about the verb.
Translated as “good’
Well - Usually used in an adverb function. It is used when it is necessary to give more information
about the verb. Translated as “good”. But when it comes to sensations, this rule is not followed.
Correct: “I feel well”
Translation: “I feel so good.”
Justin Bieber - Boyfriend
In the song: “If I was your boyfriend, I’d treat you good”
We apply the same rule as in the last song.
Correct: “If I were your boyfriend, I’d treat you well”
Translation: “If I were your boyfriend, I would treat you well.”
Lady Gaga - Bad Romance
In the song: “I want your love and I want your revenge, you and me could write a bad romance.”
In Bad Romance, the mistake is to use the object pronoun those when it is necessary to use the
nominative case, that is, I.
Correct: “I want your love and I want your revenge, you and I could write a bad romance.”
Translation: “I want your love and I want your revenge, you and I could write a vicious romance.”
Timbaland - The way I are
In the song: “Can you handle me the way I are?”
Correct: “Can you handle me the way I am?”
Translation: “Can you handle me as I am?”
Justin Timberlake - What Goes Around Comes Around
In the song: “When you cheated girl, my heart bleeded girl”
Correct: “When you cheated girl, my heart bled girl”
Translation: “When you cheated, baby, my heart was bleeding.”
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Fergie - Fergalicious
In the song: “If I was a rich girl, nanananana”
The verb was-was; the verb were- were (that is, plural), but in conditional sentences the verb were
can also be used with singular pronouns.
Correct: “If I were a rich girl, nanananana”
Translation: “If I were a rich girl, nanananana.”
In conclusion, we can say that the concept of the norm in Russian language is ambiguous,
however, the traditional concept of the norm – the rules of pronunciation, grammar and word
usage.
In this work, a typology of linguistic norms was presented, but since the subject of the
study was violations of the grammatical norm in song lyrics, this type of norm was more widely
disclosed here.
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