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TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH VERBALS AND VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONS/COMPLEXES



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TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH VERBALS AND VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONS/COMPLEXES

Common English and Ukrainian non-finite forms of the verb, i.e., the infinitive and both participles, are characterized by identical functions in the sentence. Some of their lexico-grammatical mean­ings, however, are considerably broader in English than in Ukrainian and include the combined tense and aspect, or tense, aspect and voice forms of the infinitive as well as of the present participle derived respectively from the intransitive and from transitive verbs (cf. to live -to be living, to have lived; but: to do - to be done, to be doing; doing -being done, having been done, etc.)

To render faithfully some of these lexico-grammatical mean­ings (semes) of English verbal paradigms into Ukrainian is, naturally, not always possible. An exception make, however, the simple para­digms, which usually have semantic and structural equivalents in both languages. For example:

English Ukrainian

to ask - to be asked запитувати - бути запитаним,

working (Participle I) - працюючий, працюючи;

having worked (Perfect Participle) - попрацювавши, пропрацювавши.

Translation of English verbals depends not only on their struc­tural, i.e., paradigmatic forms but also on their nature. Thus, a special approach is needed to render into Ukrainian the complexity of mean­ings contained by some paradigms of the English gerund (or to render the meanings of the Ukrainian diyepryslivnyk into English).

Consequently, the ways of rendering the meanings of verbals are predetermined by some factors which include a) the structural form of the verbal and b) the function of the verbal in the sentence, where it may be either a single part of the sentence or a component of an extended complex part of the sentence.

And yet, despite the existing differences in their morphological

nature and lexical meaning, some verbals may perform the same func­tions in English sentences and in their corresponding Ukrainian syntaxemes. Hence, in order to translate them correctly, it is expedi­ent to contrast the functions and meanings of English and Ukrainian verbals in the corresponding sentences of these two languages.

WAYS OF RENDERING THE LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL MEANINGS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ENGLISH INFINITIVE

Translation of the English infinitive is greatly predetermined by its form and sometimes by its function in the sentence. The infinitive functioning as a single part of the sentence, i.e., not being a component of a secondary predication complex, has usually corresponding equivalents in Ukrainian. The latter are a single infinitive or infinitival phrase when the infinitive functions as

1. The subject:

It was pretty nice to get back Було так приємно знову

to my room. /Salinger/ дістатися до своєї кімнати.

То get Irene out of London... «Вивезти Айріні за місто...

that was the thing. /Galsworthy/ - в цьому було все!»

There was no need to desribe He було жодної потреби

the Kelseys. (Christie) описувати родину Келсів.

2. The simple nominal predicate:



«A gentleman to strike а «Щоб чоловікові вдарити /

lady!» (B.Shaw) бити жінку!»

His son - descend to this! Його синові... так

(Norris) опуститись!

This function of the infinitive is often observed in Ukrainian liter­ary speech style, eg: Hi. He бути панам на Вкраїні! (Сосюра) Нам своє робить... (П.Тичина) Вже скоро бути бабиному літу. (Дмитерко)

3. Part of a compound modal or aspect predicate /or predicative:

No, you couldn't have called Hi, її не можна було назвати

her beautiful. (Mansfield) гарною.

"We are bound to win our next "Нашу наступну гру ми

game", their coach promised (The зобов'язані виграти"- пообіцяв

Jordain) тренер.

... the company began to mark ...товариство заходилося/


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the time. (LDurrel) розпочало відраховувати час.

Her next step was to sgeak to її наступним кроком було

Llewellyn. (Cronin) поговорити з Ллевеллином.

« You will ha ve to wait until you «Вам доведеться почекати.

hearfrom me again.» (Dreiser) доки я знову сповіщу про себе».

4. The Object (simple, extended or expanded):



Julia found it very pleasant to Джулії дуже подобалось

sjt then in the shade looking at тоді сидіти в затінку і

the river. (Maugham) дивитися на річку/воду.

She taught him to sit at a ta- Вона вчила його сидіти за

ble and not gut his elbows on it. столом і не класти на нього

(Ibid.) руки.

The infinitive has also its equivalents in Ukrainian when it is

used as a complement to an adjective or adjectivized past participle:

«I'm very glad to have seen you «я дуже радий, що

again...» (Cronin) зустрівся з вами знову/що

побачив вас знову...»

Very often the English infinitival object may have in Ukrainian an equivalent infinitival phrase introduced by the conjunction:

/ was too much disturbed to Я був аж надто стур-

go to bed. (C. P. Snow) бований, щоб іти спати.

5. An attribute (which is less often used in Ukrainian) as in the sen­


tence below:

«Can I give you anything to eat «Дати вам щось поїсти чи

or to drink?» (Lawrence) попити

He had a strong wish to win. Він мав бажання виграти.

Attributive infinitives can also be conveyed with the help of at­


tributive subordinate clauses: Ми склали список речей,
We made a list of things to be щоб узяти з собою/які
taken... (Jerome) візьмемо з собою.

This same attributive syntaxeme may also be translated as які/що треба було взяти з собою.

Some English attributive syntaxemes can be conveyed in Ukrainian with the help of an attributive subordinate clause:

«... he wasn't a sort of boy to «... він був не з тих хлопців,

be moved from a purpose ... Яких можна збити з
(Ibid.) пантелику.

Some English attributive infinitives may have apart from subor­dinate clauses or infinitival phrases/infinitives also prepositional nouns for their semantic equivalents in Ukrainian:

... there were instructions to ... були дані інструкції до /

be carried out. (Cronin) dm виконання (які треба було

виконати).

Note. This function of the infinitive is often observed in Ukrain­ian colloquial speech: мати бажання поїсти/щось випити. Він мав надію ше зустрітися/виграти.

6. An adverbial modifier (usually of purpose, result or conse­quence) may be conveyed in Ukrainian with the help of an infinitival щоб-phrase, a prepositional noun or a noun word-group:



She wanted time to think ії їй треба було часу для

over. (Galsworthy) обдумування/иіоб обміркувати

це.
It was too dark to distinguish Було занадто темно, щоб


anything. (Lawrence) розрізнити що-небудь.

These were the main Ukrainian semantic equivalents for single English infinitives performing different functions in the sentence.



Exercise I. Prior to translating the English sentences be­low point out the function of the underlined infinitive and sug­gest a Ukrainian semantic equivalent for it.

  1. Then she remembered about his own children; how most of them had been born but to sicken and die before they grew up. (Maugham)

  2. «I hope you'll have enough to eat», said. Julia. (Ibid.) 3. You did it deliberately to separate us. (Ibid.) 4. In the creek there are birds to watch, and fish to catch, and streams to explore. (Maurier). 5. It was necessary to do something. (D.Lessing). 6. I have not had time to examine that room yet. (C.Doyle) 7. It must be a big thing to swing the telescope like that. (H. Wells) 8. Sometimes you retreat in order to advance. (Galsworthy) 9. I was too young to think such things at the time. (Ibid.). 10. His eyes were sharp enough to look after his own interest. (Ibid.) 11. George said we had better get the canvas up first. (Jerome K.Jerome) 12. He forgot to wind the watch when he went to


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bed. (Ibid.). 13. We intended to camp in one of the inlets to be found round that tiny shore. (Ibid.) 14. «I think», he said, «that to prolong this discussion is to waste time.» (Galsworthy) 15. He felt that it was something to be connected with such a place, and he made her feel that way. (Dreiser) 16. It is useless to discuss this problem. (Cusack) 17. Soames put on his coat as not to be cold. (Galsworthy) 18. Katie surmised that something had gone wrong in school to upset Francie. (Mowat) 19. I crept back to my hut, to cast myself on my grass bed and sink into a dull, miserable, desponding stupor. (Ibid.) 20. Our job will be to investigate some of its properties. (M.Wilson) 21. I'm glad to meet you. (Dreiser) 22. She refused to answer him. (Lawrence) 23. Annie was now studying to be a teacher. (Lawrence) 24. It was sufficient to sit there to breathe, to look at the river and trees, simply to exist. (Braine)25.1 meant to have a talk to him. (Wells) 26. He was ... too good a workman to be sacked and too outspoken about his Labour convictions to be promoted. (Braine) 27.1 told the driver the address to drive to. (Hemingway) 28. It was the automatic instinct to live. (London) 29. Anything was good enough so long as it paid - say, five dollars a week, to begin with. (Dreiser) 30. He was a fool to attempt to make a pretence that way. (London) 31. He was satisfied to turn his face away entirely, and any call to look back was irksome. (Dreiser).

WAYS OF TRANSLATING INFINITIVAL COMPLEXES

There are three types of infinitival complexes in present-day English (which are often referred to as secondary predication con­structions): 1) the for-to-infinitival complex; 2) the objective with the infinitive and 3) the subjective with the infinitive complexes.

Each type of these predicative constructions has some explicit and implicit grammatical characteristics of its own. Since translation of these complexes is often predetermined by their nature and structure, it would be expedient to dwell upon each of them sepa­rately.

A. Ways of Translating the For-to-lnf initive Constructions

These secondary predication constructions are used in their active and passive forms which does not influence their functioning as various complex parts of the sentence. Depending on its function in the sentence and on the voice form (active or passive) of the infinitive, this secondary predication word-group may have different equivalents in Ukrainian. The most often occurring are the infinitive, an infinitival

phrase introduced by the conjunction*LMo6, a finite form of the verb or a subordinate clause. The realization of a definite meaning may be predetermined by the function of the infinitival for-phrase which may be as follows:

1. The complex subject having for its equivalent in Ukrainian a


simple subject expressed by the infinitive or an extended subject
expressed by the subordinate clause:

«For me to see you is the hap- «Побачити тебе — для

piest minute in my life... (P. мене найщасливіша мить у
Abrahams) житті/є для мене


найщасливішою хвилиною ...
«It would be better for us to «Було б краще для нас


leave him.» (Wilde) залишити його/щоб ми

залишили його.

2. A complex predicative having for its Ukrainian equivalent ei­


ther an infinitive functioning as the simple nominal predicate, or a
finite form of the verb, i.e., a simple verbal predicate:

«It is not for you to make Ue не тобі ставити умови/

terms.» (Wilde) He ти ставиш умови.

«The simplest thing,» said «Найпростіший вихід для

Fleur, «is for him to resign at нього ... - негайно

once.» (Galsworthy) відмовитись від членства.»

3. A complex object corresponding to a simple or extended object


in Ukrainian:

We are waiting for the boys Ми чекаємо повернення/на

back from Hanoi. (Greene) повернення наших хлопиів з

Ханоя...

The condensed form of this infinitival complex may also have an object clause for its equivalent in Ukrainian: ми чекаємо, доки наші хлопці повернуться з Ханоя.

4. An attribute to a nominal part of speech:

She had only to express a wish Варто було їй тільки

for him to fulfil. (Maugham) виголосити якесь (своє)

бажання, він негайно ж
виконував його
.
There was no room for us to He було місця, де сісти/де


sit down... (Galsworthy) можна було сісти.


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5. An adverbial modifier of purpose or result having for their equiva­lents a subordinate clause or an infinitive in Ukrainian:

/ left something under your я дещо залишив тобі під



door for you to read it. (Carter) дверима, щоб ти почитав/

тобі почитати.
Her home was too far west for ft домівка була далеко


anyone to come to him. (Cusack) західніше, тож ніхто не міг

навідатись до нього.

Sometimes, however, an equivalent of the for-phrase in Ukrain­ian may be only a subordinate (or coordinate) clause:



He paused for me to show my Він помовчав, аби я ще раз

ignorance again... (Greene) показав своє неуцтво ...

Exercise II. Identify the function of the infinitival for-phrase and translate each sentence below into Ukrainian.

1. For me to ask would be treason; and for me to be told would be treason. (M.Wilson) 2. For you to come here is impossible. 3. «For me to discover England to him,» she thought, «for him to discover the East to me.» (Galsworthy) 4. It was impossible for me now to persuade myself that this urgent desire of his to dispense hospitality was disinterested. 5.... It was out of the question for him to absent himself for any length of time. 6. It would have been easy for him to get out of it. 7. It seemed a good opportunity for Julia to get away. (Maugham) 8. It would be better for us to leave him. (Wilde) 9. It was not unknown for small boys to enter a monastery. (Ken Follett) 10. It was so easy for a young man of his looks and character to be led astray by evil woman. (Dreiser) 11. There was need for him to be economical. 12. It seems so babyish for me to be young to night school. (London) 13. It is for me to thank you. 14. «The simplest thing,» said Fleur, «is for him to resign at once». (Galsworthy). 15. «That is for me to decide, is it not?» (C.Doyle) 16. He wants me to do something pleasant - for him to feel better.» (Maugham) 17. All he wanted desperately now ... was for their child to live. (A. Hailey) 18. «What is there for me to do, except one thing?» (J. Conrad) 19. Rosemary looked for a place to sit. (Fitzgerald) 20. David had decided to let him wait for his seventeenth birthday to come. 21. We think it natural for parents to want their children to conform to a pattern they understand. 22. David prayed nightly for her and Blaise to come back. (I.Murdoch) 23. I'll try and arrange for you to see him at Mount Street. (Galsworthy) 24. He sat

there in the little hot office waiting jor one of us to speak. (Greene) 25. She also asked for more women to be appointed news-readers. (M. Guardian) 26.1 sometimes think it is a shame for people to spend so much money this way. (Dreiser) 27.1 bought something for you to read. 28. «It's not a bad thing for you to judge others by yourself». (Maugham) 29. There was milk in the ice-chest for her to drink.(Cusack) 30. And there was a child's shirt in the living-room waiting for a button to be sewn on. (Greene) 31. Arrangements are being made for the girl to be taken back to her own country. (M. Guardian) 32. Dr. Saunders stopped for us to join him. (Maugham) 33. But five minutes was enough for them to understand one another. (Cronin)

WAYS OF TRANSLATING THE OBJECTIVE

WITH THE INFINITIVE

CONSTRUCTIONS/PREDICATIVE COMPLEXES

Unlike the polyfunctional for-to-infinitive constructions, the ob­jective with the infinitive complexes can have mostly one function in the sentence - that of the complex object. Despite this the semantic equivalents of this construction in Ukrainian are often different. The choice of the Ukrainian semantic equivalent is predetermined by some factors, the main of which are as follows: a) the lexical meaning of the finite verb after which the objective with the infinitive construction is used; b) the paradigmatic form of the infinitive (its categorial mean­ing); c) the lexical meaning of the objective infinitive. As a result, different semantic and structural equivalents may be used in Ukrain­ian as substitutes for this predicative complex. The choice of the appropriate language unit/sense unit may often rest with the transla­tor only or it may be predetermined by the structural peculiarity of the sentence under translation. The most common ways of translating the objective with the infinitive constructions are the following:

1. By means of a subordinate clause:
«Do you want me to take Ви хочете, щоб я їх

these (slides) a way?» (Hailey) (діапозитиви) забрав ?

Everyone watched him walk Усі спостерігали, як він іде

across the garden. (D. Lessing) садком/переходить садок.

Depending on the predicate verb, the objective with the infiniive construction may be rendered into Ukrainian with the help of an infini­tive or a subordinate clause:




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He ordered the cabman to Він наказав кучерові їхати/

drive on. (London) щоб він їхав далі.

2. By means of an objective infinitival word-group forming part


of the compound modal verbal predicate (like in English):

I rather wanted to be a painter У дитинстві я бажав

when I was a boy, but my father стати художником, але

made me go into business, батько змусив мене піти в

(Maugham) бізнес.

Slowly, economically, he got Повільно, збираючись з

dressed and forced himself to силами, він одягнувся і змусив

walk. (Lawrence) себе йти.

3. By means of a noun derived from the objective infinitive (an


alternative way of translation) or an object clause:

He heard the blackbird sing. Він чув спів дрозда.



Не had expected him to be Він очікував від нього

more sympathetic. (Maugham) більше співчуття.

The objective with the infinitive construction in the above-given sentence may naturally be translated with the help of the subordinate clause: Він очікував, шо той виявить більше співчуття/що той буде співчутливішим.

4. By means of a phrasal/simple verbal predicate:

The champagne and the alti- Від шампанського й висоти

tude made him sleep. (Hailey) його хилило до сну/йому

хотілося спати.
Не never made me laugh. Він ніколи не міг мене


(Maugham) розсмішити/викликати в мене

посмішку.

The objective with the infinitive construction in the last sen­tence may also be understood and translated with the help of a phrasal verb: Він ніколи не міг викликати в мене навіть кривої посмішки.

In some sentences introduced by the anticipatory /f the objec­tive with the infinitive construction may perform a quite unusual for it function of the complex subject corresponding to the Ukrainian ex­tended infinitival subject:

«It's heavenly to hear you say «Чути ие од вас, любий -

that, my sweet.» (Maugham) справжнісіньке блаженство.»

Translation of the objective with, the infinitive constructions, there­fore, may be predetermined not only by the nature and meaning of the finite verb/predicate, which may have various implicit dependent gram­matical meanings (those of physical or mental perception, verbs of saying, etc.), but also by its syntactic function, by the translator's choice of the equivalent and by the stylistic aim pursued in the sentence by the author.



Exercise III. Prior to translating the English sentences below offer appropriate Ukrainian semantic (and structural) equivalents for each objective with the infinitive construction.

1.1 want you to hear me out. 2.1 saw you drive up and I ran down, I'm afraid, on the third floor. 3. She had never seen him smoke a pipe before. 4. She heard him slam the front door and saw him come out.



  1. Now she heard Guy clatter down the steps to the bath-house.

  2. He heard Big Ben chime «Three» above the traffic. (Galsworthy)

  3. Neilson watched him make his way across and when he had disap­peared among the coconuts, he looked still. 8. She wanted him to look back on this as one of the great moments of his life. 9. She felt that he wanted her to be a child of nature. 10. «Don't you remember, before I married Gelbert you advised me to marry a man of my own age.» 11. She had expected him to be more sympathetic. 12. «I should hate him to be an author if that's what you mean.» 13. She must look at the people if she wants them to look at her. 14. She saw Charles's smile freeze on his face. 15. ... he could not see Julia's face when she heard him say this. 16. Julia didn't know why... her little presents made her inclined to laugh. (Maugham) 17. «Oh! If I could only see him laugh once more. Oh! If I could only see him weep». (M.Twain)

18. She caused a telegram to be sent to him. (Galsworthy)

19. «... she must agree her baby to be surrendered for adoption im­


mediately after birth.» 20.0'Donnell wanted his baby to live. 21. If you
wanted him to take an assistant, you told him to do so and usually
that was that. 22. «Even at that,» O'Donnell reflected, «he had con­
sidered the chairman to be erring toward optimism.» 23. «It was a
loud, firm protest, but even as he made it he had known it to be a lie.»
24. «Mike had spoken them (words) on impulse, but suddenly, deeply,
he knew them to be true.» (Hailey) 25. It was so like his family, so like
them to carry their business principles into their private relations.
(Galsworthy) 26. «I want order! I want things to get started!»
(R.Goldberg) 27. He had the dray-man bring in the soap. (Dreiser)
28. «I cannot bear you to speak of that.» (Jerome K.Jerome)


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Exercise IV. Translate the sentences into English. Be sure to use the corresponding form of the infinitive in each of them.

1. Я не знав, що вона також була учасницею конкурсу знавців української мови. 2. Він не сподівався, що ви запросите і мене. 3. Ніхто не очікував, що перша лекція з історії України буде такою цікавою. 4. Ми були першими, хто зустрічав канадських студентів у нашому університеті. 5. Вона пишалася тим, що мала змогу перекладати промову цього вченого з Оксфордського університету.



  1. Микола задоволений, що зустрічався зі своїми однокласниками.

  2. Ніхто не чекав, що до них завітають перед сесією делегати наукової конференції. 8. Ми хочемо, щоб першим іспитом у зимову сесію поставили теоретичну граматику. 9. Студенти не сподівалися, що вони всі так добре напишуть контрольну роботу. 10. Всі задоволені, що їздили на екскурсію до колишньої козацької столиці Батурина. 11. У тому тексті надто багато неологізмів і жаргонізмів, щоб перекласти його без словника. 12. Вона не пригадує, щоб тоді в Харкові придбала цей дорогий словник. 13. Нікому не було місця, де сісти. 14. Нам незручно пригадувати, що ми тоді стільки турбували вас із перекладом цієї торговельної угоди. 15. Погода була несприятлива, щоб їхати в Карпати на спортивні змагання. 16. Вони були дуже задоволені, що відвідали музей мадам Тюссо в Лондоні. 17. Хто б міг подумати, що з цього тендітного першокурсника виросте такий видатний спортсмен. 18. Ми раді повідомити вам, що на конкурсі його наукова робота з перекладу відзначена першою премією. 19. Студентам подобається, коли їм дають більше самостійно перекладати. 20. Вони задоволені, що їхні наукові праці прийняті на конкурс. 21. Студентка не погодилася, щоб її одну з групи посилали до Великої Британії. 22. Ніхто не очікував, що їх пошлють тлумачами на виставку шведських споживчих товарів у Києві. 23. Студент не боявся, що його усний переклад слухатиме вся група. 24. Він хотів попросити часу, щоб виконати цей важкий переклад. 25. Ми раді, що нас під час зимових канікул посилали на спортивні змагання до Львова. 26. Усі сподівались тоді, що нашому інститутові буде присвоєне почесне ім'я найбільшого поліґлота України академіка Агатанґела Кримського. 27. Цього нашого співвітчизника знає увесь світ як ученого, що володів 68 мовами народів Европи й Азії. 28. Щоб правильно й адекватно перекласти текст, його треба перш належно проаналізувати. 29. Студент не підозрював, що той уривок міг мати стільки незнайомих йому слів-технічних термінів. ЗО. Усі погодилися знайти уривок, що мав бути перекладений за коротший час.


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