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problems to the attention not only of the adult reader, but also for schoolchildren. 
Chekhov's works are special. With outward simplicity, they are fraught with many 
difficulties for reading. There is a problem of students' misunderstanding of the writer's works in 
full measure, so the teacher of Russian language and literature needs to know the features of Anton 
Pavlovich Chekhov's prose and select effective forms and methods of work in the classroom. 
The work of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is the work of a small genre. The writer has not 
written a single novel. What determined the formation of Chekhov precisely as a master of small 
form? This issue was studied by many researchers, among them - A.V. Kuleshov, A.P. Chudskov, 
M.P. Gromov, L.M. Tsilkevich and many others. 
In Russian literature, circumstances developed in such a way that the story began to be 
developed after the stories and the novel had already appeared. The novel and the story are 
relatively "high" genres of literature, and they were prepared not only by the development of prose, 
but by all the previous development of poetry, the genres of epic, poem, ballad. The story in prose 
was a "lower" genre, for a long time, at best, attracted attention as a frivolous political genre, with 
fantastic, adventurous content with a purely external chain of events. 
In the 19th century, the novel became the leading genre of Russian writers. A wide epic 
canvas, pictures of morals, social life, heroes resolving complex social and moral problems. 
Turgenev, Goncharov, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy became outstanding masters of the Russian novel at 
that time. 
By the 80s of the XIX century, there was a crisis of the novel, and it began to wane. The 
collapse of the broad epic form brought forward the short story genre. But Chekhov's stories pose 
the same serious problems as the earlier epic forms. The story receives careful processing in its 
plot structure, becomes a genre of great literature. 
Naturally, in paving the way for the genre of the short story, Chekhov polemically pushed 
back from old techniques, dilapidated themes, and external entertainment. On the other hand, 
Chekhov's stories absorbed the best achievements of former Russian literature. Anton Pavlovich 
remained true to his approach, the developed system for constructing a story. The social 
background and deepened psychological analysis naturally fit into this system, the skill of which 
the seeking writer increased from work to work. The characters of the heroes began to be 
comprehended more deeply as a reflection of the socio-historical appearance of the era and the 
embodiment of the universal principle [1, p. 109 - 110]. 
In his stories, Chekhov, as a rule, tries to trace the life of a single person. The writer 
managed to show how the views, beliefs and, finally, the very life of his characters change under 
the influence of a vulgar, philistine environment. According to Chekhov, each person is 
responsible for his own destiny, and no comforts of life should influence his choice. The world 
created by the writer is socially very diverse: officials, philistines, merchants, peasants, clergy, 
students, intelligentsia, metropolitan and local nobility. Therefore, the world of the moral life of 
contemporary Russian society he created is also diverse. 
Heroes of many stories by A.P. Chekhov, having fallen into the atmosphere of philistinism, 
they stop fighting, acting, resign themselves to life. An example is the story "Ionych". The 
vulgarity of the environment into which the young doctor Dmitry Startsev finds himself is not 
immediately revealed. To give an idea of the inhabitants of the city, Chekhov introduces us to the 
Turkin family, “according to local residents, the most educated and talented” [10, p. 178]. 
Chekhov's stories remind us that we determine our own destiny, it is we who are 

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responsible for what will happen in our life. And the destiny of each generation, each person is to 
discover the purpose of life. That is why Chekhov's moral lessons are always relevant. 
In his stories, Chekhov touches on a wide variety of topics: 
- the theme of love ("About love", "Lady with a dog", "House with a mezzanine"); 
- the theme of the village, the fate of the people, the peasantry ("Men", "In the ravine", "New 
cottage"); 
- the theme of the intelligentsia ("Student", "Ionych", "House with a mezzanine", etc.); 
- the theme of childhood ("Boys", "Grisha", etc.); 
- the theme of the meaning of life ("A boring story", "Dowry", "The cook marries", "Event"). 
The lyricism of Chekhov's prose is a hidden expression of the writer's attitude to the 
depicted, humanism, love of life, poetization of the beautiful in man, a dream of a better life, 
sympathy for suffering. 
Thus, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a master of the story. Studying the stories of the writer, 
one can note their amazing brevity, capacity, where the characters of the characters are widely 
deployed on a small “area”, their connection with the social environment is shown. The writer 
comically shows how the views, beliefs and, finally, the very life of his characters change under 
the influence of a vulgar, philistine environment. 
Chekhov's work is also characterized by the use of artistic details, namely subtext. In 
Chekhov's stories, the landscape performs a function similar to subtext. A feature of the landscape 
of the story is its direct connection with the structure of thoughts and feelings of the characters. 
This gives a special lyrical coloring to feelings and thoughts. 
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov creates comic devices in his stories, among them they 
distinguish between the comic of characters, the comic of the plot and, in connection with the plot, 
the situations in which the heroes of the work fall, the comic of portraits, the comic of speech, 
names, surnames, the comic in describing the environment. The relationship of the hero with the 
world in Chekhov's comic works is complex and varied. This diversity is also reflected in the 
poetics of Chekhov's comic works: a comic short story, a satirical story, an ironic tragicomedy 
shows a certain evolution of the hero's relationship with the world. 
Chekhov's innovation in dramatic works lies in the transformation of forms, the rejection 
of the tradition’s characteristic of the theater of that time. In the transformations, two main 
tendencies are caught: the rejection of the autocracy of the hero, the unleashing of tight knots of 
intrigue, swift action, dialogue; strengthening the new unity of a through image-symbol, recurring 
leitmotifs, roll calls, the unity of the poetic structure and mood. 

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