Литература и примечания:
[1] Дорошенко Т.Н. Биологические основы размножения
плодовых растений: учебное пособие / Т. Н. Дорошенко. –
Краснодар: Изд-во КубГАУ, 1996.
© Н.Е. Тымчик, Р.В. Кравченко, И.В. Горбунов, 2019
A.Zh. Shoibekova,
Doctoral student
of the 1
st
course "Horticulture"
e-mail: alima-almaty@mail.ru,
scientific Director S.C. Dzhantassov,
D.Sc.in Agricultural Sciences,
Associate Professor
Kazakh national agrarian university,
Almaty
GRAFTING CUCUMBER HYBRIDS ON THE ROOTSTOCK
GOURD RESISTANT TO FUSARIUM PATHOGEN IN
GREENHOUSES
Abstract: currently, biological methods of influence on the
plant organism are becoming important, promising is the search for
new highly efficient and environmentally friendly methods of plant
protection. One of these methods is the use of vaccination.
Keywords: grafting, cucumber, pumpkin, rootstock, scion,
greenhouse.
Grafting is the oldest method of reproduction and increasing
the resistance of grafted plants, both in fruit growing and ornamental
horticulture. As applied to herbaceous plants, namely to vegetable
crops, this technique has been applied since the beginning of the 20th
century It was found that the root system of some species used as
rootstock, which is more powerful and resistant to environmental
fluctuations, provides a high and stable yield of a number of
vegetable plants both in open and protected ground [1].
The history of the use of vaccination on vegetable crops
begins in the XVII century. In Japan and Korea, the method of
vaccination began to be used in the late twenties. Vaccination of
vegetable crops on stable rootstocks is now widely used both in
Europe and in Asia. Currently, in South Korea, Japan and Taiwan,
depending on the season and cultivation methods, more than 93-95%
of watermelon plants, most cucumbers in protected ground and up to
30% of open ground cucumbers are grafted. In many countries, to
make resistance to root diseases and adverse conditions, vaccination
is used, for example, cucumber, usually on pumpkin and
MOMORDICA charantia, tomatoes on interspecific hybrids [2].
Vaccination of cucumber on rootstocks of other pumpkin
plants first began to be used since the beginning of the XX century in
Russia. In Russia, Lebedeve S.P. first undertook the cultivation of
grafted vegetables Cucurbitaceae family in the mid-1920s.
A.V. Fedorov with A. N. Papanov continued subsequent
investigations. Therefore, the agronomist of S. Lebedev in the 30-ies
of the last century succeeded in using this technology to grow in the
middle zone of Russia melon without losing their taste. More
powerful, resistant to many weather factors, the root system of the
pumpkin provides a high yield, makes it easier to tolerate stress,
increases the resistance of plants to diseases and pests.
Далеко не
все сорта тыквы подходят для подвоя. As rootstocks for
cucumber, various types of pumpkin are used: lagenaria (gourd),
figgy pumpkin, large-fruited, hard-core, for example, Cucurbita
ficifolia, Amygdalaceae. Not all varieties of pumpkin are suitable for
rootstock. The most preferable cold-resistant plants with hard crust.
It is impossible to take for these purposes muscat, gymnosperms,
large-fruited pumpkins – survival will be practically zero [3]. The
precocity of the rootstock directly affects the ripening period,
accelerating them and reducing the vegetation period of plants.
In the modern economy, innovation is the basis of
development; competitiveness, effective social and economic
transformation, as well as the effective functioning of organizations,
industries, regions and countries are the main driving force of the
dynamic development of production and society. The solution of the
problem of year-round or off-season provision of the population of
Kazakhstan with high quality, environmentally friendly, affordable
fresh vegetables and green crops can’t be carried out without the
effective functioning of vegetable growing of protected soil, which is
one of the most complex, technologically and capital-intensive,
labor-intensive, energy-intensive and science-intensive branches of
agriculture. At the same time, now, the innovative development of
vegetable production of protected soil remains little studied and very
relevant area of scientific research.
Greenhouse vegetable production of the country after
intensive development in the 90s during the last two decades is
experiencing a period of decline in production and reduction of
areas, in addition, annually increases the volume of imports of
greenhouse products, which do not always meet the quality
requirements. The world experience shows that the innovative way
of development of branches of agro-industrial complex promotes
technical, technological, organizational and economic renewal of
agricultural production and increase of its efficiency. Currently
promising are:1) the search for new highly effective and
environmentally friendly methods of plant protection, the importance
of biological methods of impact on the plant body; 2) the search for
new highly efficient and environmentally friendly methods to
increase plant resistance to adverse growing conditions, as a basis for
the development of cost-effective and long-term programs to combat
pests and diseases. One such method is by grafting on resistant
rootstocks. Important is the use of physiologically active substances
with immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, the study of the
influence of the method of vaccination, the type of rootstock and
physiologically active substances on the features of growth,
development and yield of cucumber hybrids in protected soil is
relevant. One of these methods is the use of vaccination [5].
Studies in light of the new changed conditions with vaccinated
plants in Kazakhstan have not been conducted. To increase the yield,
greater biologization of the technology, it became necessary to study
the selection of domestic rootstocks of pumpkin resistant to the
pathogenesis of Fusarium, for grafting cucumber hybrids in protected
soil, adapted to local conditions, testing new drugs and cultivation
techniques that limit the use of pesticides.
There is very little data on the features of the biology of the
development of promising rootstocks of lagenaria, pumpkin of fig-
leaf gourd and wax gourd (Benincasa). Little is known about seed
production of a number of rootstocks for pumpkin crops, which
deserve wide use as rootstocks. In the scientific literature, the
influence of vaccination on the arrival of rootstocks with planting of
the main elements of mineral nutrition is practically not covered.
Little is known about seed production of a number of rootstocks for
pumpkin crops, which deserve wide use as rootstocks. In the
scientific literature, the influence of vaccination on the arrival of
rootstocks with planting of the main elements of mineral nutrition is
practically not covered. The types of pumpkins used as a rootstock of
cucumber are most often recommended to use a ficifolious, large-
fruited and hard-edged pumpkin [4] Scientists note that to make
resistance to Fusarium pathogens as a rootstock, it is better to use a
figured pumpkin. The rootstock of the figurehead pumpkin reduces
the sensitivity to low soil temperatures by 30
o
C, as well as to soil
diseases and pests [7].
The current level of development of greenhouse vegetable
production places high demands on varieties and hybrids. Frequent
change of varieties is due to a number of objective factors – low
yields and resistance to disease, poor quality and poor keeping fruit.
The loss of popularity of the variety encourages breeders to search
for a more worthy replacement.
In modern conditions, the use of resistant varieties remains
the most promising direction, guaranteeing the profitability of
various greenhouses. Growing resistant varieties and hybrids can
dramatically reduce the cost of plant protection against pathogens –
steaming soil or expensive pesticides. However, creating and
evaluating new sustainable hybrids requires a lot of time and
resources. Low-volume hydroponics, new hybrids for specific
climatic conditions and new opportunities for vaccination are three
aspects of success in the greenhouse business at the present stage.
The area of winter hydroponic greenhouses in Kazakhstan
does not exceed 80 hectares, while most vegetables are produced in
underground greenhouses, the area of which is more than 2000
hectares. In hydroponic substrates are used, which are replaced
annually, and there is no problem of accumulation of pathogenic
microflora. The main problem is increasing the productivity of
cultivated crops. In soil – is the permanent use of soil and cultivation
of monoculture, which leads to the accumulation of diseases in the
root layer. In greenhouses, the most common disease is Fusarium,
the productivity of cucumber plants is reduced from 40 to 50%.
Fusarium wilt is widespread in vegetable crops around the world,
especially in protected soil conditions. Fusarium wilt in greenhouses
caused by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most
common plant diseases. These phytopathogenic fungi can infect
plants at any stage of vegetation. When cool soil temperatures (18-20
° C) can occur pre-emergence rot and rot of seedlings. This type of
damage leads to significant crop losses in greenhouses and open
ground.
The harmfulness of root rot is reduced to a minimum when
growing seedlings on rootstocks resistant to this disease. As
rootstocks are often used multicultural species of pumpkin –
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