А агонистическое поведение agonistic behaviour
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А агонистическое поведение agonistic behaviour (вытеснение, драка, замещение, конфликт, нападение, погоня, преследование) см. взаимодействия социальные агрегация агрегация, временная группировка, временное объединение, временное скопление aggregation, temporary aggregation, short-term association ~ в местах кормления feeding aggregation ночёвочная ~ roosting aggregation склонность образовывать ~ gregariousness скопление особей gathering, schooling агрессивность aggressiveness, aggressivity агрессиивный aggressive агрессия внутривидовая aggression, intraspecific aggression материнская ~ maternal aggression межсамцовая ~ intermale aggression низкопороговая, импульсивная ~ irritable aggression переадресованная ~ redirected aggression порождаемая страхом ~ fear-induced aggression связанная с полом ~ sex-related, sexual aggression территориальная ~ territorial aggression агроландшафт agrolandscape, agricultural land, farmland, farming пашня arable посевы crop адаптивность adaptability адаптивное значение adaptive significance, adaptive value trait of adaptive significance, of adaptive value адаптивный adaptive адреналин adrenaline айсберг From the enormous dome-shaped icecap of Greenland the ice forces its way to the coast, where it forms large glaciers. These, in turn, give birth to the mighty icebers that float down the Greenland coasts. The production of glacier ice varies greatly: the fastest-moving glacier, the Upernavik Glacier, has a velocity of over one hundred feet a day in summer, while many others move only a few feet and some do not move at all. The icebergs are carried to the south by the Labrador currents, but only about five per cent reach as far south as Newfoundland, and this voyage require several years.
From the arctic zone a number of mountain ranges lead to the south, in America the Rockjes, in Europe the Scandinavian Mountains and the Urals, and in Siberia the Stanovoi Range. A large majority of the arctic plants and animals range to the south along these mountains on the upper parts of the slopes above the timber line in the so-called alpine zone. альтруизм socbiol altruism к родичам по преимуществу (непотизм) nepotism реципрокный ~ reciprocal althriusm эволюционный ~ evolutionary althruism эффект «зелёной бороды» green-beard effect альтруистический altruistic альфа-разнообразие alpha-diveristy амплитуда amplitude ~ движений movement amplitude ~ циклических колебаний cyclical amplitude ~ условий окружающей среды environmental range ~ экологических условий ecological range суточная ~ daily range экологическая ~ ecological amplitude, ecological range анализ analysis сонографический ~ sonographic analysis анализатор analyzer анализировать v analyse, dissect аналитический analytic, analytical аналог analog, analogue аналогичный analogous аналогия analogy аналоговый analog ~ кодирование (сигнала) analog coding (of signal) антагонизм antagonism конкурентный ~ competitive antagonism антагонист antagonist антихищническое поведение anti-predator behaviour см. также камуфляж анахоретизм anachoresis имитация опасного животного deimatic display аппарат m apparatus голосовой ~ vocal apparatus слуховой ~ hearing aid аппаратура equipment регистрирующая ~ recording equipment аппетентный appetitive см. фиксированная схема действий аппетенция appetence аппетит appetite аппроксимация approximation последовательная ~ successive approximation аппроксимировать approximate ареал area, range, geographic range высотный ~ altitudinal area ленточный ~ belt area нагульный ~ foraging area разорванный ~ disconnected area, discontinuous area, discontinuous range диффузный ~ diffuse area реликтовый ~ relic area современный ~ present-day range соприкасающиеся ареалы adjacent areas, adjacent ranges сплошной ~ continuous area, continuous range узкий ~ restricted area арктический arctic The differences between north and south is so pronounced that it is necessary to distinguish between two zones in the arctic region, a northern high-arctic and southern low-arctic zone. The definition of the two zones is based on the distribution of animalas and plants, but this of course reflects climatic differences of considerable magnitude. арктоальпийский arctoalpine, arctic-alpine Such animals and plants are called arctic-alpine species. This alpine zone in many ways bears a close resemblance to the arctic region, but it differs in several ways, including light conditions (no midnight sun) and lower barometric pressure, so that it is generally not incorporated in the arctic region. Treeless alpine zones exist also in the isolated high mountains farther south, as in the Alps and the Pyrenees, and they also are inhabited by some arctic-alpine species. аромат scent (цветов), aroma, flavour, fragrance артефакт artefact, artifact атавизм atavism атавистический atavistic, ancestral атака attack Male bounces up in violent attack. короткая ~ pounce, pouncing ложная ~ sham attack ~ с нападением ~ overt attack, outrigt attack, furious attack attack followed by aggressive body contact with strange individual The territory holder quickly moved towards the intruder, and butted (ударять) him with his head.
There was report of a case of a male Japanese macaque who formed affiliative relationships with three young monkeys apparently quite unrelated to him. аффилиативный союз team, affiliative relationships (against others), affiliative ties Each team consisted of an older and a younger male, one or both of which have females accompanying them. временный альянс temporary alliance объединяться в союз interact affiliatively, develop alliance поддерживать союз maintain alliance Б бег running ~ прыжками saltation ~ плавный, скользящий ~ gliging run рикошетирующий ~ ricochet беать run ~ иноходью amble ~ рысью trot бегающий cursorial бегство escape, escape behaviour безжизненный lifeless, barren; azoic The Greenland icecap and that of antarctic continent form the worlds only absolute lifeless desert. безлесность treelessness безлесный treeless безлистный leafless, aphyllous берегm shore, bank, strand, shoreline; открытые берега всех побережий exposed shores of all coasts; на берегу реки on the riveside ~ моря seacoast, seashore см. также побережье абразионный ~ abrasion shore, wave cut shore крутой ~ steep shore, bold shore обвалованный ~ leveed bank отлогий ~ low coast, flat shore подмываемый ~ caving bank береговой coastal, riparian берлога den, lair, couch, squat беседки (птиц-шалашников) bowers индивидуальная площадка самца на току display platform, bower декорирование ~ bower decoration бескормица fodder shortage, food shortage бесплодие (особи) sterility, infertility бесплодность (местности) barrenness бесплодный infertile, sterile; см. безжизненный бесполезный useless беспокоить vex беспокойство anxiety, agitation, restlessness, uneasiness, unrest ~ из-за разъединения с партнером separation distress бигамия bigamy бинарный binary, binomial ~ номенклатура binary nomenclature бинокулярный binocular биоакустика bioacoustics гармоническая структура звука harmonic structure of sound длительность звука duration of sound доминантная частота dominant frequency значение частоты frequency band нарастание частоты rising in frequency несущая частота carrier frequency огибающая envelope curve; колоколообразная ~ dome-shaped envelope curve основной концентрации энергии зона main concentration of energy падение частоты falling in frequency полоса частот range of frequencies последовательность посылок разной акустической структуры heterotypic sounds sequence серия одинаковых посылок homotypic sounds series сонограмма sonogram тональный звук tonal sound частотно-временная организация сигнала signals frequency-time pattern шумовой звук noise-type sound биология biology ~ социобиология sociobiology биоразнообразие biodiversity forest supports a rich range of species; with a total n breeding species very much richer fauna species diversity varies greatly from space to space, with a total n breeding species биотоп biotope, community habitat маргинальный ~ marginal habitat биоценоз biocenose, biocenosis, biocoenosis, community, biocommunity бихевиоризм behaviourism бихевиористский behaviouristic бициклический bicyclic благополучие welfare, well-being психологическое ~ psycholgial welfare физиологическое ~ physiological welfare благоприятный favorable болото marsh (постоянное, проточное), fen (затапливаемые берега рек и озер), bog (постоянное, слабопроточное, чаще верховое), mire, marshland, swampmoor, swampland, waterlogged area Where the ground is moist extensive bogs exist. верховое ~ high bog, raised bog, valley bog, basin bog, raised moss, raised moor, upland bog, upland, swamp, mire Bog (mire) is permanently waterlogged habitats, often anaerobic and acid, with little flow of water; typically blanket bog is in uplands, but raised bog generally in lowlands; both produce peat, and require high rainfall. Bogs in areas of high water table include valley bog (through-drainage) or basin bogs (largely stagnant). грядово-мочажинное ~ hummock-ridge bog долинное ~ valley bog, valley mire камышовое ~ bulrush fen Fen (mire) is regarded as sub-category of marsh. It is waterlogged habitat found on shallow margins of lakes and slow rivers, and on alluvial flood plains with impeded drainage. Rich fen is base- and species-rich. Seasonal fen displays wide cyclical variation in the extent of waterlogging. кочковатое ~ hillock bog, tussock bog кустарниковое ~ shrub bog кустарничковое ~ subshrub bog, dwarf shrub bog лесное ~ wooded bog, forest bog, wood swamp мангровое ~ mangrove swamp моховое ~ mossery, moss, moss bog, moss fen, moss moor низинное ~ lowland moor, lowland swamp, fen, flood-plain marsh, lowland bog пойменное ~ valley bog, river marsh пресноводное ~ freshwater marsh Freshwater marsh is permanently waterlogged habitats, usually well-oxygenated and with steady through-flow of water. Tends towards reedbed, reed-swamp. пушицевое ~ cotton grass swamp, cotton grass bog соленое ~ salt marsh, salt-water marsh Saltmarsh is tidally inundated and cleansed with brackish water. солончаковое ~ salt swamp, salt marsh сфагновое ~ peat moss bog, sphagnum bog торфяное ~ peat bog, peat swamp тростниковое ~ reed swamp борьба fighting, struggle, wrestle, contest; control ~ за существование struggle for existence ~ шеями eth neck-fighting, necking, neck-wrestling конкурентная ~ competitive fighting брачный breeding, nuptial брешь (промежуток, интервал) gap пробел в знаниях gaps in knowledge бросаться fly at (о собаке), attack, strike бросок dart, darting burst брыкаться buck, kick, fling бугристый hilly, hillocky, hummocky; bumpy, knobby, torose, grumous, tuberous буран snow storm «бутылочного горлышка» феномен bottleneck phenomenon бухта bight быстрина riffle, rapid, cataract, swift course быстрый agile, quick, rapid, fast, swift бюджет budget ~ активностей behavioural resilience ~ времени time budget В валентность valence экологическая ~ ecological valence As the more southern plants and animals decrease in number and disappeared, they are replaced by other hardier species, which is adapted to the extreme conditions of the areas next to the Pole and which are missing rather south in the Arctic. варьировать vary, range The wing-length of birds from the Tien Shan and Mongolia ranges from 99.8 to 103.1 mm, compared with a mean of 96.3 mm in Iran and Afghanistan. In Turkmenistan, the size of territories ranges from 0.7 to 4.2 ha, though these figures are approximate since the adjacent territories broadly overlap (by up to 20–50 m) in their peripheral parts and have in fact no definite borders.
Average ME of prey taxa differed by three orders of magnitude from the highest ME, Mus musculus, to the lowest ME, ants. предельная ~ limit value приближённая ~ rough value случайная ~ variate теоретически рассчитанная ~ theoretical value эффективная ~ популяции effective population size вереск heather (Calluna) The Breckland is an area of dry: sandy soils, largely devoted to forestry and arable (пахотный) farming. Until the early part of the century, however, large tracts of heathland (заросли вереска) occupied the area, and fragmented heaths remain today. вероятность probability апостериорная ~ posterior probability априорная ~ prior probability доверительная ~ acceptance probability, confidence probability условная ~ conditional probability верховье (реки) upper reaches, river head, headwaters, upper course ветер wind in places that particularly exposed to the wind переменный ~ variable wind порывистый ~ gusty wind северный ~ northerly wind сильный ~ strong wind слабый ~ light wind ветровал windbreak, windfall ветроустойчивый wind-resisting, wind-firm вечнозелёный evergreen, sempervirent, aiphyllous, indeciduous взаимность (обоюдность) reciprocity, mutuality Females supported each other reciprocally, as reported for rhesus and stumptailed macaques. Females supported others with whom they also often interacted affiliatively. взаимодействие социальное interaction, cooperation быть вовлечённым во ~ be engaged взаимная ориентация партнёров When male directes his display toward an intruder at close range, he orients his broadside (laterall presentation) toward an adversary. The intruder also orient in this fashion, usually heading in the opposite direction. This configuration of two laterally presented males is termed face-off and is typical of most iguaid challenge displays in close proximity. взаимная чистка покровов mutual grooming (allogruming), mutual preening (allopreening) вытеснение, изгнание eviction драка fight, (fierce, violent) combat замещение supplanting attack конфликт conflict, confrontation, dispute The key features of this activity were the partially opened, drooped wings, the violent chasing and fleeing, and the actual physical contact as the combatants struck one another from time to time. кормление партнёра feeding, ritual feeding; trofallaxis (у социальных насекомых) кормление совместное food sharing, co-feeding копуляция copulation Each act of copulation is usually preceded by a very prolonged mutual adjustment of each partners behaviour in respect of the others. матери и детёныша mother-infant interaction нападение attack (upon), assault погоня chase пребывание поблизости друг от друга (staying) in proximity to преследование pursuit садка (самца на самку) mounting скучивание clumping (у птиц), huddling (у млекопитающих), huddling behaviour. crowding столкновение encounter удерживать самку перед копуляцией (у ящериц) get hold, get bite-hold Male rapidly approaches female and immediately attempts to get a mating hold on her neck. There is an impression that that successin mating depends upon males ability to catch the female. ухаживание courtship уход от ~ withdrawal, contact withdrawal взаимодействие факторов interaction of factors взаимодействовать interact взаимоисключение mutual exclusion конкурентное ~ competitive exclusion взаимоотношения interactions, interrelations, interrelationships внутривидовые ~ intraspecific interactions конкурентные ~ competitive interaction межвидовые ~ interspecific interactions жүктеу/скачать 0.91 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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