242
Both are good predictors of academic achievement and academic success, employment,
income, savings, and physical health. Control one's behavior, promote desirable behaviors, and not
be tempted by extra-goal affairs to achieve goals. Two concepts that are related but not identical are
often confused. Both are goal- and determination-driven and highly predictive of success, and goal-
and determination-driven. Although self-control can influence an individual's persistence, it may only
influence short-term, simple goals. For example, in the face of long-term and short-term benefits,
when individuals
choose long-term benefits, they need to control themselves and resist the temptation
of short-term benefits. However, in the face of long-term efforts to maintain, self-control can fail, and
perseverance is needed to drive individuals to implement it.
Duckworth [3] distinguished the difference through the framework proposed by motivation
theory (shown in Figure 1), one is oriented by lower-order goals, numerous, short-term, and
substitutable, and related to behavioral tendencies. The other is oriented by higher-order goals, small
in number, important, and irreplaceable.
Figure 1 - Goal Hierarchy Framework
The mediating effect of emotions on perseverance and self-control
Research has generally shown that positive emotions help promote self-control. For example,
participants were found to consume less popcorn when watching a happy
movie than when watching
a pessimistic movie. In addition, Garg [4] found that positive emotions can offset the consumption of
self-control. In the experiment, when the subjects' positive emotions were induced, the negative
effects of the self-control task at the beginning of the experiment were canceled and the control
resources were even compensated by the positive emotional effects that spiraled upward for good.
Research has long suggested that negative emotions deplete individuals' levels of self-control,
but recent studies have shown that different emotions may have different effects on self-control. For
example, guilt can inhibit undesirable behaviors such as late-night snacking, smoking, and impulse
shopping [5].Angry people are more decisive in making decisions, do not postpone their choices, are
less biased in choosing compromises, are more satisfied
with the choices made, and have more goal-
aligned behaviors [6].
People who experience regretful emotions in a particular area or matter make more careful and
correct decisions in the same area [7]. Zeelenberg examined athletes who did not finish first in a
swimming race and found that those who showed regretful emotions enhanced their performance in
the next race more than those who did not [8]. Khan, in a later study Khan, in a later study, found that
sadness can improve an individual's self-control and self-discipline [9].
Perseverance is a relatively new topic in emotion research. There have not been many studies
on the effect of emotions on perseverance, and most of the studies have shown a positive correlation
between positive emotions and perseverance, while there are very few studies on the relationship
between negative emotions or even different emotions and perseverance. However, as mentioned
243
earlier, perseverance has a strong correlation
with self-control, which can provide indirect evidence
for the effect of specific negative emotions on perseverance. In another article, I evoked different
emotions through movie clips and tested subjects' perseverance levels before and after emotional
arousal. The effect of different emotions on perseverance was investigated. The results of the
experiment showed that people in happy and angry emotional states had higher levels of perseverance
compared to the neutral emotion group. People in aversive moods also had increased levels of
perseverance compared to neutral moods. In addition, people in sad and fearful mood states had lower
levels of perseverance.
Research has consistently shown that positive emotions have a positive impact, but there is also
a lot of research showing that extreme positive emotions can make individuals overconfident, leading
them to
make poor decisions, reduce self-control, or lead to fruitless persistence. Although negative
emotions have been studied for their negative effects on the human body, because they are so
prevalent in our lives, they should not be dismissed, but rather understood and how to master and turn
them into the motivation we need.
Negative emotions like anger can have a positive impact on decision-making. In some decision-
making contexts, anger may shape good outcomes. The impact of anger is unique and, unlike other
negative emotions (such as sadness), is a constructive force. Emotion-regulated cognitions (thoughts
about behaviors that are conducive to achieving goals) influence goal-related behaviors, and these
cognitions may only be relevant to the goal.
References
1.
Duckworth, A.L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M.D., & Kelly, D.R. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for
long-term goals. Journal of personality and
social psychology, 92(6), 1087.
2. Baumeister, R.F., Vohs, K.D., & Tice, D.M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current directions
in psychological science, 16(6), 351-355.
3. Duckworth, A., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Self-control and grit: Related but separable determinants of
success. Current directions in psychological science, 23(5), 319-325.
4. Garg, N., Wansink, B., & Inman, J. J. (2007). The influence of incidental affect on consumers’ food
intake. Journal of Marketing, 71(1), 194-206.
5. Zemack-Rugar, Y., & Fitzsimons, G. (2011). Depletion Versus Load: Differential Effects on Self-Control in
the Reactance-To-Recommendations Paradigm. ACR North American Advances.
6. Khan, U., Maimaran, M., & Dhar, R. (2010). Positive upshots of anger in decision-making. ACR North
American Advances.
7. Nelson, N., Malkoc, S., & Shiv, B. (2010). Functional regret: The positive effects of regret on learning from
negative experiences. ACR North American Advances.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: