Задание 21. Переведите предложения, произведя соответствующие преобразования

1. 
   Student must pay any incurred fines (parking and library) before being allowed to register for succeeding semester.
   
2. 
   Student must meet with Forsyth Tech advisor for orientation at least once each term to ensure success in coursework and locate available support services.
   
3. 
   The undersigned agree(s) to indemnify UM, the study abroad program, its employees and agents from any financial obligations or liabilities the student may personally incur while participating in the study abroad program, including attorney’s fees and court costs resulting from the student’s acts, errors or omissions.
   
4. 
   It is your obligation to inform yourself about the program you have chosen and the arrangements for your participation. We urge you to share all the information you receive with your parent(s) or guardian(s).
   
5. 
   The Renter agrees (a) that the rented vehicle shall not be used to carry passengers or property for hire; (b) that the rented vehicle shall not be used to carry passengers other than in the interior or cab of the vehicle; (c) that the rented vehicle shall not be used to carry passengers in excess of the capacity thereof.
   
6. 
   The Renter hereby agrees that he shall fully indemnify the Owner for any and all loss of or damage to the vehicle or equipment during the term of this Agreement whether caused by collision, fire, flood, vandalism, theft or any other cause, except that which shall be determined to be caused by a fault or defect of the vehicle or equipment.
   
7. 
   The company hereby employs the consultant to perform the following services in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this agreement.
   
8. 
   The validity of any transaction, agreement or payment involving the Joint Venture and any Affiliates of the parties to this Agreement otherwise permitted by the terms of this Agreement shall not be affected by reason of the relationship between them and such Affiliates or the approval of said transactions, agreement or payment.
   
9. 
   I, being of sound and disposing mind, do hereby make, publish and declare the following to be my Last Will and Testament, revoking all previous will and codicils made by me.
   
10. 
    All structural work required must have been prepared in accordance with the dimensions stated in the dimension table/installation plan.
    
11. 
    An excessive, impermissible increase in the pipeline forces may cause leaks on the pump where the medium handled can escape into the atmosphere.
    
12. 
    For long pipelines the most economical nominal diameter has to be determined from case to case.
    

2. Some presidential democracies – with their tendency toward populist plebiscitarian, “delegative” characteristics, together with a fixed term of office and a “no-reelection” rule that excludes accountability before the electorate-encourage nonconstitutional or anticonstitutional behavior that threatens the rule of law, often democracy itself, and certainly democratic consolidation.

3. A modern democracy, therefore, needs the effective capacity to command, to regulate, and to extract tax revenues. For this, it needs a functioning state with a bureaucracy considered usable by the new democratic government. …. The question of the usability of the state bureaucracy by the new democratic regime also emerges in countries such as Chile, where the outgoing regime was able to give tenure to many key members of the state bureaucracy in politically sensitive areas such as justices and education.

4. Strategic marketing is defined as a total system of interacting business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute want-satisfying products and services to organizational and household users at a profit.

1. 
   More recently we have found systems designers who want to tackle and solve particularly more ambitious tasks.
   
2. 
   The analytic results were verified against a comprehensive test program.
   
3. 
   Telephone is an obvious candidate to provide the communication control functions.
   
4. 
   Of these, the latter seems to be a good compromise between accuracy and computational simplicity.
   
5. 
   Conceptually it is useful to characterize the Kerr effect as dealing with two different electric fields.
   
6. 
   At least it is known that a conservative, but realistic value can be obtained.
   
7. 
   It is only in this context that the typical microwave impedance measurement has any meaning.
   
8. 
   This was demonstrated experimentally by Gebhardt and Smith.
   
9. 
   This is the approach taken in the design of computer programming languages; it also echoes the design principles discussed in (96).
   
10. 
    In addition, an extensive review of previous work in this area is presented.
    
11. 
    Ideas for future work are discussed in an appendix.
    
12. 
    This will help us to better understand the basic operation of this relatively complex but very intriguing scheme.
    
13. 
    This policy is both inefficient and dangerous.
    

1. 
   Industry looks at the expense of a large-scale system for testing microprosessors and says it’s too costly.
   
2. 
   This paper addresses the activity and trends in automotive electronics.
   
3. 
   Today, optical-fiber comminucation systems have entered the phase of actual use at several power companies in Japan.
   
4. 
   This paper addresses the problem of deconvolving two signals when both are unknown.
   
5. 
   A relatively simple statistical model for gravimetric uncertanties is often adequate.
   
6. 
   Nickel is an adequate conductor, but experiences an oxide buildup while on the shelf.
   
7. 
   The unit can be adopted as a permanent component in the final product.
   
8. 
   There is considerable probability that the values adopted are near the truth.
   
9. 
   Alternate design approaches are being studied.
   
10. 
    The analyses are not in agreement with each other, and, in some cases, conflict with observations.
    
11. 
    The results of the analytical and experimental investigation are summarized and compared in Figs. 6-11.
    
12. 
    As long as the deposit remained on the tube surface, the corrosion reactions appeared to be arrested.
    
13. 
    Basically, an electrometer is a refined direct-current multimeter.
    
14. 
    This combination of circumstances might be taken as an indication that transition to turbulence was in progress.
    
15. 
    We concentrate on methods for preventing and detecting software errors.
    
16. 
    Conceptually, the system operates in the following manner.
    
17. 
    The analytic approximations are rather conservative.
    
18. 
    Similar observations have also been made in the context of speech signals and X-ray crystallography.
    
19. 
    The size and the shape of the pockets are rather critical.
    
20. 
    These require detailed knowledge of the size and location of the thermojunction.
    
21. 
    These limits are very fully documented in the manufactures data sheets.
    
22. 
    The abrupt change in the lower curve shows the result of a dramatic improvement in technology.
    
23. 
    These examples show dramatically that spatial effects can be extremely important.
    
24. 
    Before starting our analysis, it will be instructive to summarize certain characteristics of the three basic passive microwave methods.
    
25. 
    Two basic kinds of software are written for intelligent devices.
    
26. 
    The characteristics of the noise depend intimately on the type of sensor.
    
27. 
    This is, in fact, the view originally suggested by the author and widely accepted among acousticians.
    
28. 
    In response, the user types in the data for each branch in a specific order and on the same line.
    

1. 
   A complete test set is that of tests that test every point that can be tested.
   
2. 
   One should use a new method, not the old one.
   
3. 
   Our values are not in accord with those obtained by previous workers.
   
4. 
   The problem is one of allocating frequencies to a desired number of channels.
   
5. 
   The conditions may sometimes be rigorous and at other times less so.
   
6. 
   As a result, the remaining variables then become subdivided into those which do and do not affect the output.
   
7. 
   However, in practice certain attributes are defined when other attributes are not.
   
8. 
   It allows one to estimate the parameter.
   
9. 
   One cannot start applying probability theory before one has an adequate method for the numerical representation of the data.
   
10. 
    If one diagrams it one finds about twenty layers.
    
11. 
    Planetary theory was not developed to the same degree as that of the Moon.
    
12. 
    The format for problem analysis presented above has a number of applications to questions that go beyond those considered so far.
    
13. 
    Over the years, many of our ideas became industry standard. And many more will.
    
14. 
    While the economic implications may not change the psychological implications might.
    

1. 
   Argument force rather than force argument should dominate.
   
2. 
   They have used the conventional crystal growth method.
   
3. 
   Here frequency dependent rate equations are applicable.
   
4. 
   The approach is used for time and money saving purposes.
   
5. 
   Such integrity has been achieved by a combination of manual and computer based controls.
   
6. 
   The remaining concern is to take into account varying demand rates and cost variables.
   
7. 
   They presented the mass of data necessary for effective land use planning.
   
8. 
   Two additional large centrifugal type heat pump water heaters have been provided.
   
9. 
   There is a vast controversy-filled literature on the problem.
   
10. 
    Experience shows that work study does in fact provide one of the most valuable means of improving production efficiency.
    
11. 
    The subject of this paper involves the implementation of a maximum absolute error algorithm comparison criterion.
    
12. 
    A survey carried out for a personal finance website revealed that people in Britain find it easier to understand Shakespeare than financial literature.
    

Demand-and-supply conditions, high-unemployment inner-city areas, employment-led selective migration, journey-to-work costs, job-poor/job-rich regions, part-time suburban women

Multiple disadvantage – классификация неблагоприятности положения

Disadvantage people in obtaining jobs – жители с отрицательным опытом получения работы

Disadvantaged groups – низкоконкурентные группы населения

Employed residents of “job-poor” neighborhoods will commute farther than will residents of “job-rich” neighborhoods. – Работающее население “бедных вакансиями» районов будет дальше ездить до службы, чем жители «богатых вакансиями» районов.
Задание 10. Дайте свой вариант перевода выделенных терминов и узконаправленной лексики:

Methods to Test the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis. Donald S. Houston

Abstract: The spatial mismatch hypothesis postulates that employment deconcentration within U.S. metropolitan areas goes some way toward explaining higher unemployment and lower wages among ethnic minority groups, since these groups are more likely to reside in central-city areas…..

Three areas in which the spatial mismatch hypothesis should be reconceptualised are identified: first, its emphasis should be on spatial, not racial, inequalities; second, it needs to differentiate between residential immobility and residential segregation, which are quite different; and third, it needs to recognize that the extent and the effect of spatial mismatch are distinct and should be measured separately….

In the 1970s, the issue of special mismatch in British urban areas appeared in the guise of the entrapment hypothesis (the term entrapment hypothesis is more commonly applied to the disadvantage experienced by groups with low commuting mobility, particularly women). This was the notion that low-income groups, particularly those living in public rented housing, were trapped in the inner city and were thus suffering as a result of employment deconcentration. ..

Kasper’s method was to compare forced movers with voluntary movers in terms of the impact the move had on journey-to-work costs, earnings, housing costs and unemployment…..

These spatial experiments focus on a fixed set of particular individuals and follow their responses through time to a spatial change in the relationship between home and workplace. The significance of space for workers’ commuting and residential mobility is isolated by virtue of the fact that all other factors are held constant (i.e., the same people with the same characteristics and the same jobs with the same characteristics)….

1. 
   At this point the material under examination is fed.
   
2. 
   The machine was tried under severe conditions.
   
3. 
   With catalyst the reaction was accelerated tenfold.
   
4. 
   Considerably less was written about mechanisms for effecting state changes.
   
5. 
   The task is executed through successive completion of such cycles.
   
6. 
   The point of equilibrium however is tremendously influenced by the temperature.
   
7. 
   This phenomenon has been dealt with by several researchers.
   
8. 
   A decision was arrived at.
   
9. 
   These rules were arrived at independently.
   
10. 
    A mechanical method was substituted for an electric one.
    
11. 
    This phenomenon is accounted for by the sudden rise of temperature.
    
12. 
    The question of the laws of resistances in circuits may now be turned to.
    
13. 
    Many materials now commonly used were not even thought of thirty years ago.
    
14. 
    The speed with which arithmetic operations are performed is affected by a number of factors.
    
15. 
    Questions can be asked and answered, but unfortunately the questions asked and those answered are frequently not the same.
    

1. 
   The optimizer is expected to be the determining factor.
   
2. 
   Many flying baloons are reported to have been observed in the air.
   
3. 
   However, the common practice of designing such devices has been shown to be inadequate.
   
4. 
   The conditions seem to have been poorly chosen.
   
5. 
   The reaction could appear to involve a rearrangement.
   
6. 
   This investigation is likely to produce good results.
   
7. 
   The above decision is certain to proceed smoothly.
   
8. 
   Amino groups are thought in general not to exist in this form.
   
9. 
   These reactions were not thought to proceed very violently.
   
10. 
    This development of such a unit is unlikely to be a success.
    
11. 
    The assumed linear relation between energy and pressure is likely to be a good approximation.
    
12. 
    Hardly any aspect of economic life is likely to be unaffected, or is likely to remain unaffected by automation.
    
13. 
    Work on the iron stabilized material does not seem to have been reported.
    
14. 
    The rate constant does not appear to be much affected.
    
15. 
    While seemingly trivial, this preliminary review proved of vital importance.
    

1. 
   We proved this suggestion to be wrong.
   
2. 
   Jordan supposed the statement not to be obvious and believed it to require a proof.
   
3. 
   Aristotle supposes happiness to be associated with some other human activity.
   
4. 
   We expect the document to serve experienced programmers.
   
5. 
   The rule requires all arguments to be available.
   
6. 
   One would expect the true value to have a 90% chance.
   
7. 
   We made this reaction run at reduced pressure.
   
8. 
   We could not get this product to polymerize.
   
9. 
   Inevitably the adoption of a database approach causes any single process to be less efficient.
   
10. 
    High temperatures allowed the reaction to be carried out in two hours.
    
11. 
    These properties led him to suggest that they had prepared a novel compound.
    
12. 
    Such systems permit the properties of a particular machine to be exploited to the full.
    
13. 
    Finding methods of getting programmers to write more local programs is a worthy long-range goal.
    
14. 
    A decrease in pressure will cause the original sample to change into two phases.
    
15. 
    The technique permitted problems to be solved that had been regarded as intractable.
    

1. 
   The two types of models considered are not applicable to all metals.
   
2. 
   The close agreement of the six observations is unlikely to be a coincidence.
   
3. 
   One cannot start applying probability theory before one has an adequate method for the numerical representation of the data.
   
4. 
   If one diagrams it one finds about twenty layers.
   
5. 
   The format for problem analysis presented above has a number of applications to questions that go beyond those considered so far.
   
6. 
   There is hardly any element in nature whose radioactive form cannot be produced.
   
7. 
   Further work on this problem is badly needed.
   
8. 
   The corrected programme is stored and can be repeatedly employed with correction as well as without it.
   
9. 
   Biological methods of purifying water are given much attention to by scientists.
   
10. 
    Mathematics, astronomy and physics were the first sciences to get organized and defined.
    
11. 
    Every breach of rules was dealt with as a breach of the law and punishment was proportionally severe.
    
12. 
    Some important issues have not yet been resolved.
    
13. 
    This stage is not in fact observed in the preparation of several types of documents.
    
14. 
    Not until fairly recently, however, the true value of this parameter has been ascertained.
    
15. 
    Although the structures proposed may not have been established with complete certainty, all known facts, physical and chemical, fit beautifully this ingenious interpretation.
    
16. 
    It is for this reason that many reports on scientific research include discussion of how the research ought to have been done in the light of the experience gained in having done it the first time.
    
17. 
    At the end of the day, reports on all completed analyses can be provided, including the number of tests run that day, the amount of time required for those tests, and the number of samples completed.
    
18. 
    Several treatments of this problem have been presented, with theories resulting from this investigation falling into one of the two categories.
    
19. 
    They tool all the measurements during actual operation of the machine, this being the usual practice in those days.
    
20. 
    The theory to be developed only aims at verifying the above discussions but is not sufficiently detailed to give a complete description.
    
21. 
    One cannot expect a complicated problem like that of using solar energy to be solved in a year or so.
    
22. 
    The present era, which is distinguished by the utilization of metals in enormous quantities, may be said to have begun in 1860.
    
23. 
    In any event, current theories, either empirical or electronic, do not appear to account for this result.
    
24. 
    These experiments prove that it is physically possible for the ground ice of Alaska to have been formed by a process of segregation.