29
aware that Chaliapin understood and was able to pronounce only one English word: “Yes”.
Chaliapin repeated this word (with numberless implications, of course) in answer to the
Englishman’s nearly incessant chatter. After a few minutes of this kind of “conversation”
the Englishman joined his fellow-countrymen, praising his chance interlocutor to the skies
as a gentleman of profound knowledge and highly original ideas! No matter what this
story
is worth, a mere legend or fact, it shows the immense importance of intonation in
oral communication. As for professional actor’s ability to convey complicated meanings
by tone of voice and by facial expression, it should be remarked here that their ability
would be superfluous, lost altogether if spectators at large
were unable to understand, to
interpret the message expressed extraverbally.
The great scholar and scientist M.V.Lomonosov in his appraisal of Russian said that
it suits every purpose, while other European languages are specially fit for one purpose
each. Lomonosov made reference to the opinion of Charles V, who, allegedly, said he
would address God in Spanish, his mistress in Italian; English
was good for talking to
birds, German, for giving commands to a horse. Of course, when Lomonosov wrote that
Charles could have found in Russian the splendour of Spanish, the tenderness of Italian,
and the vigour of German, he never took into account the fact that Russian was his
(Lomonosov’s) mother tongue!
A very curious experiment is described in
The Theory of Literature by
L.Timofeyev, a Russian scholar. PyotrVyazemsky, a prominent Russian poet (1792-1878)
once asked and Italian, who did not know a word of Russian, to guess the meanings of
several Russian words by their sound impression. The words любовғ (love), друг (friend),
дружба (friendship) were characterized by the Italian as “something rough, inimical, and
perhaps abusive”. The word телятина (veal), however, produced and opposite effect:
“something tender, caressing, appeal to a woman”. No doubt, the Italian associated the
word with signorina and the like.
The essence of the stylistic value of a sound (or a sound complex) for a native
speaker consists in its paradigmatic correlation with phonetically analogous lexical units
of expressly positive or (mostly) of expressly negative meaning.
In other words, we are
always in the grip of phonetic associations created through analogy. A well-known
example: the initial sound complex bl-is constantly associated with the expression of
disgust, because the word bloody was avoided in print before 1914; as a result of it, other
adjectives with the same initial sound –complex came to be used for euphemistic reasons:
blasted, blamed, blessed, blower, blooming.
Expressions like Well, I’ll be blower if I do! or Every blessed fool was present are
frequently met with in everyday speech. Recall also Alfred Doolittle’s complaining words
when he learns from the housekeeper that Eliza’s dirty clothes have been burnt, and she
cannot be taken home at the moment (Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw):
“I can’t carry the girl through the streets like a blooming monkey, can I?”
He surely does not mean a monkey ‘in blossom’, ‘in full bloom’ (!), he merely
avoids saying a bloody monkey.
Each of the bl-words enumerated stands for bloody, and since this is known
to everybody, very soon all such euphemistic substitutes become as objectionable as the
original word itself. And, naturally, the negative tinge of the sound- combination
30
T he t he o r y o f s o u n d s y mb o l i s m i s b a s e d o n t he a s s u mp t i o n t ha t
s e p a r a t e s o u n d s d ue t o t he i r a r t i c u la t o r y a n d a c o us t i c p r o p e r t ie s ma y
a w a k e c e r t a i n i d e a s , p e r c e p t i o n s , a nd f e e l i n g s . I ma g e s , va g u e t h o u g h
t he y m i g h t b e . I n p o e t r y w e c a n n o t he l p fe e l i n g t h a t t he a r r a n g e me n t o f
s o u n d c a r r i e s a d e f i n i t e a e s t he t i c f u n c t i o n. P o e t r y i s n o t e n t i r e l y
d i v o r c e d f r o m m u s ic . S u c h n a t i o ns a s ha r mo n y , e u p h o n y, r h y t h m a n d
o t he r s o u n d p h e n o me n a u n d o u b t e d l y a r e no t i nd i f f e r e n t t o t he ge n e r a l
e f f e c t p r o d u c e d b y a v e r b a l c ha i n . P o e t r y , u n l i k e p r o s e , is me a n t t o b e
r e a d l o u d a n d a n y o r a l p e r f o r ma n c e o f a me s s a g e i n e v i t a b l y i n v o l v e s
d e f i n i t e mu s i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: