Методические указания по изучению английского языка для специальности 270205. 65 «автомобильные дороги и аэродромы»

С о с т а в и т е л ь: Кабанова И.В.

Рецензент: Делиева Л.М.
Методические указания предназначены для студентов второго курса, обучающихся по специальности: «Автомобильные дороги и аэродромы» и рассчитаны на 2 семестра. Некоторые разделы (Traffic Control) пособия могут быть использованы студентами специальности «Организация безопасности дорожного движения».

Редактор:

Компьютерная верстка: Крыжановская И. В.

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THIS IS AMERICA - Route 66……………………..43

DOES RUSSIA NEED THE SUPERHIGHWAY? …………………….52

A Driving Test.........................................................63

SMASHING STEREOTYPES…………………………73

Методические указания состоят из 20 уроков, объединенных единой тематикой и содержащих: текст, назначением которого является обучение чтению технической литературы специальности ««Автомобильные дороги и аэродромы», дополнительные тексты, устные и письменные упражнения на закрепление пройденного материала, поурочный словарь, а также большое количество иллюстраций.

Lesson 1
Road

Roads are used by various forms of transportation, such as trucks, automobiles, buses, motorcycles, and bicycles. Roads allow trucks to move goods from points of production, such as fields and factories, directly to markets and shopping centers. Private individuals rely on roads for safe and efficient automobile, motorcycle, and bicycle travel. Fire departments, medical services, and other government agencies depend on an organized system of roads to provide emergency services to the public in times of need.

The earliest roads evolved from animal paths and served as trails for early hunters. Paths eventually grew around primitive settlements, and as trade grew, longer routes were developed to transport food and other important materials. The use of wheeled vehicles encouraged construction of better roads. The roads built by the ancient Romans were carefully planned and solidly constructed.

Modern methods of road construction were first developed in the 18th century. Innovations of the time included waterproof surfaces and better drainage systems. Modern engineers make use of a variety of materials and construction techniques to build roads that can handle the high volumes and stresses of modern automobile and truck traffic. ^[5]

2. dependable-надежный; заслуживающий доверия

3. highway- шоссе, магистраль

4. concrete-paved- бетонный

5. multilane highway-многополосная магистраль

6. truck-грузовой автомобиль

7. bus - автобус

8. motorcycle- мотоцикл

9. bicycle – велосипед

10. travel –путешествие, движение; перемещение

11. fire department - пожарное отделение

12.emergency service - неотложная помощь, скорая помощь

13. trail - тропа, тропинка

14. traffic - движение; транспорт

15. route-маршрут

16. wheel -колесо

17. vehicle - транспортное средство

18. waterproof surface- водонепроницаемая поверхность

19. to encourage-поощрить

20. drainage –дренаж

21. stress – нагрузка
1. Find equivalents to the following:

1.drainage	a) мотоцикл
2.truck	b) многополосная магистраль
3.path	c) дренаж
4.concrete-paved	d) путешествие, движение
5.fire department	e) водонепроницаемая поверхность
6.motorcycle	f) грузовой автомобиль
7.travel	g) колесо
8.multilane highway	h) бетонный
9.traffic	i) путь
10.wheel	j) пожарное отделение
11.waterproof surface	k) движение; транспорт

1. Roads never provide dependable pathways for moving people.

2. Roads are used by various forms of transportation.

3. Romans never planned their roads.

4. Modern methods of road construction were first developed in the 18th century.

5. Modern engineers make use of a variety of materials and construction techniques to build roads.

Los Angeles Freeway A complex freeway interchange near Los Angeles, California, shows a typical cloverleaf pattern that facilitates easy and safe route changing. Interstate freeways have limited access and maintain low gradient, straight routings for maximum long-range visibility and safety

Lesson 2
II.TYPES OF ROADS

Highways with fully controlled access can handle the most traffic and are built to the highest construction standards. Interstate highways, freeways, and expressways are examples of fully controlled-access highways. Vehicles that enter or exit these types of highways can do so only at certain points along the highway, generally by using special entrance and exit ramps. The ramps allow vehicles to access the road without disturbing the flow of traffic. Incoming vehicles must merge with flowing traffic, and vehicles leaving the highway use exit ramps that guide them off the highway without blocking the traffic behind. Intersections with other roads are avoided by using either bridges known as overpasses to carry one roadway over another or short tunnel-like structures called underpasses to carry one roadway under another. Finished strips called shoulders on the edges of highways allow drivers of disabled vehicles to make repairs or await assistance without blocking traffic.

Highways with fully controlled access generally have two or more lanes for each direction of travel and often include medians (dividers in the middle of the road) to separate traffic moving in opposite directions. In Europe, highways with fully controlled access are called motorways, motor-routes, or autobahns.

Some highways offer only partial control of access. These types of highways handle less traffic than do highways with fully controlled access. Highways with partially controlled access may intersect other roads at the same level (called at-grade), rather than using overpasses or underpasses. Vehicles can enter highways with partially controlled access at intersections rather than using ramps. However, the right-of-way is often given to one direction of travel, rather than requiring all traffic to stop at the intersection (see Traffic Control). Giving the right-of-way to one direction of traffic helps keep traffic moving at higher speeds, although typically not at speeds as high as those on a highway with fully controlled access. One benefit of highways with partially controlled access is that they are much cheaper to construct than highways with fully controlled access. Many U.S. and state highways are roads with partially controlled access. ^[5]

2. expressway - скоростная автострада (Скоростная автомагистраль для транзитного автомобильного движения, как правило, платная [toll road], с ограниченным числом пунктов въезда-выезда [interchange] . Не имеет пересечений, полосы встречного движения обычно разделены газоном, либо перегородкой, иногда парковой полосой.)

3. two-way country roads-двусторонние проселочные дороги

4. high speed- высокая скорость

5. to control access — ограничивать въезд

6. urban or city street- городская улица

7. rural roads-сельские дороги

8. Interstate highway -федеральная автомагистраль (На маршрутном знаке [route signs] и на карте отмечена знаком в форме щита со словом [INTERSTATE] , номером и иногда названием штата, причем четные номера присвоены дорогам, идущим с востока на запад, а нечетные - с севера на юг. Например, федеральная автострада номер 95 [Interstate 95] - самая загруженная автомагистраль в США - идет от границы с Канадой в штате Мэн на севере до юга Флориды).

9. entrance - въезд ,вхождение

10. exit - выход , выезд ( с автомагистрали )

11. entrance ramp -пандуc (наклонный въезд на автомагистраль, съезд с автомагистрали), скат

12. to disturb- мешать, тревожить

13. flow of traffic- поток движения

14. intersection- пересечение , перекресток

15.overpass - эстакада; переезд

16.underpass - подземный ход; тоннель; подземный переход

17. to make repairs -сделать ремонт

18. disabled vehicles -выведенные из строя транспортные средства

19. shoulder -обочина дороги

20. highway median- центральная полоса автострады

21. motorway- автострада, автомагистраль

22. autobahn -автострада

23. right-of-way-преимущественное право движения
1. Answer the questions:

1. What does the term “control of access” describe?

2. What are highways?

3. How do we call the finished strips on the roads?

4. What is the difference between fully controlled access and partial control of access?

5. What are the benefits of highways with partially controlled access ?

1.shoulder	a) центральная полоса автострады
2.expressway	b) автострада, автомагистраль
3.highway median	c) обочина дороги
4.disabled vehicles	d) скоростная автострада
5.exit	e) пересечение
6.motorway	f) выход , выезд
7.overpass	g) выведенные из строя транспортные средства
8. entrance	h) подземный ход; тоннель
9. underpass	i) въезд
10.intersection	j) эстакада; переезд

Lesson 3

Urban streets are generally two-way paved roads that intersect each other frequently, allowing a high degree of access but at slow speeds. Traffic lights and signs help regulate the movement of vehicles along these streets and control the access to some streets. Urban streets are usually classified as one of three types: local, collector, and arterial. These designations are based on the amount of traffic each type is designed to carry.

Most urban streets are residential, or local, streets that allow vehicles to access public and private property. These streets make up 70 percent of total urban-road mileage but handle only 14 percent of all urban traffic. Collector streets convey traffic from residential streets to larger roads called arterials. Arterials are used to get quickly from one point to another and can accommodate high volumes of traffic. In large cities, arterials are often similar to highways in construction even though they are located within city limits. Although arterials account for only 17 percent of the urban-road mileage, they account for most of the traffic in cities. ^[5]

2. property - имущество; собственность

3. private motor vehicles-частные автомобили

4. public transportation -городской (общественный) транспорт

5. pedestrian – пешеход

6. electrical wiring — электропроводка

7. sewage pipes- канализационные стоки

8. curb- обочина, бордюрный камень

9. sidewalk-тротуар

10. slow speed -малая скорость

11. traffic light- светофор

12. traffic signs - дорожные знаки

13. to regulate the movement-регулировать движение

14. local road-локальная (местная дорога), движение в пределах одной транспортной линии

15. arterial road-магистраль

16. designation -обозначение, называние, указание

17. mileage - расстояние в милях; число (пройденных) миль; пробег автомобиля (в милях)

18. volume-объем, масштаб

1. 
   Urban streets, which cover cities, towns, and most suburbs, allow vehicles to access properties such as homes and businesses.
   
2. 
   Traffic lights and signs help to regulate the movement of vehicles along the streets and control the access to some streets
   
3. 
   Urban streets are usually classified as one of three types: underpasses, sidewalks and highways.
   
4. 
   Arterials are often similar to highways in construction
   

1.	sewage pipes	a) имущество; собственность
2.	sidewalk	b) канализационные стоки
3.	property	c) малая скорость
4.	limit	d) тротуар
5.	arterial road	e) пешеход
6.	slow speed	f) ограничение
7.	pedestrian	g) обочина, бордюрный камень
8.	traffic light	h) магистраль
9.	curb	i) ) светофор

1.	concrete-paved	a) многополосная магистраль
2.	multilane highway	b) маршрут
3.	urban or city street	c) бетонный
4.	fire department	d) сельские дороги
5.	route	e) водонепроницаемая поверхность
6.	waterproof surface	f) пересечение, перекресток
7.	rural roads	g) городская улица
8.	entrance	h) пожарное отделение
9.	intersection	i) обочина дороги
10.	shoulder	j) въезд ,вхождение

Freeways A multilane freeway system in Los Angeles, California, has several entrance and exit ramps so vehicles can enter and exit traffic smoothly. When routes cross one another, one of the routes will be elevated so that intersections are avoided[1]

Lesson 4