Действия переводчика при семантизирующем понимании

politics of scale, scalar structuration, scalar reconstruction, scaled relationship, rescaling process, production of scale, scale transformation.

1. 
   The crew of the boat consisted of her husband, his two mates, three engineers, twelve firemen and ten able-bodied seamen.
   
2. 
   Mendeleyev was a great student of chemistry.
   
3. 
   The salesman showed me a number of patterns for various fabrics.
   
4. 
   The officers of that company consist of the president, the treasurer, the counsel, the auditor, etc.
   
5. 
   It was a decorated, becatered and bewaitered table.
   
6. 
   There are people who have much and those who have nothing. – Well you see. I’m among muchers.
   
7. 
   The pill was sugar-coated.
   
8. 
   This man is an escapist from modern society.
   
9. 
   The then President of the US was Lincoln.
   
10. 
    The die-hards are in fact nothing but have-beens.
    
11. 
    He crowded a lot of adventures into his young life.
    
12. 
    In spring plants shoot out rapidly.
    
13. 
    This political party contains a new plank in its platform.
    
14. 
    England considered Canada as her granary, Australia as her butcher and New Zealand as her henhouse.
    
15. 
    She had ricocheted through three teen-age marriages, the first at 14 or 15.
    

This is a difficult question. Theorists have wrestled with it, but without notable success. The reasons are not far to seek: works of literature come in all shapes and sizes and most of them seem to have more in common with works that aren’t usually called literature than they do with some other works recognized as literature.

1. 
   Last night we went to see a delicious new comedy on Broadway.
   
2. 
   The vanilla ice cream in that restaurant, served with fresh berries and whipped cream, was particularly delicious.
   
3. 
   Then as now, New York seemed a delicious place to visit, but not somewhere I could live.
   
4. 
   If financial elites misprice risks and offer delicious loans to consumers, then many of those consumers will end up grabbing them.
   
5. 
   Her acting style displayed a delicious mastery of technique and diction.
   
6. 
   My friend told you all kinds of delicious gossip about what the teacher had been doing all last year.
   

1. 
   The Statue of Liberty is an iconic monument for all Americans.
   
2. 
   Piaf’s own secretary had written a book about the icon.
   
3. 
   Of Heath Ledger’s performance in the film “The Dark Knight”, released after his death, critics wrote, “It’s amazing, it’s stunning, it’s iconic. It’s going to just blow people away”.
   
4. 
   Regarding Michelle Obama: The many meanings of a new American icon.
   

1. 
   Half the "bag ladies" and 37 per cent of homeless men are mentally ill.
   
2. 
   Last year, there were nearly 800,000 recorded instances of "autocrime" in England and Wales, the Home Office reports.
   
3. 
   The buzzword among the blue-sky researchers of Japan now is bioholonics.
   
4. 
   The irony of development is that to the extent that it succeeds, the world situation worsens and the dangers of ecocide are increased.
   
5. 
   There was a dramatic confrontation between one of the dismissed lecturers and the Director.
   
6. 
   However, the president's drive toward "deregulation" goes in exactly the opposite direction, proposing to ease restrictions on coal dust and air pollution in general.
   
7. 
   He proposed as a preliminary step in the direction of total disarmament immediate disengagement in Europe.
   
8. 
   He has the command of language and certainly the understanding. But he lacks the wish of the true political animal to act for effect.
   
9. 
   The biggest teach-in for London Telephone region engineers is to be launched early next year.
   
10. 
    It is as though the aged were an alien race to which the young will never belong. Indeed, there is a distinct discrimination against the old that has been called ageism.
    
11. 
    The BBC television comedy series “Yes Minister” has proved to be more than a delight. It has also been an eye-opener.
    

7. 
   Прочитайте предложение. В чем состоит трудность перевода? Каким образом будет решаться данная трудность? Предложите свой вариант перевода.
   

Femininity (and masculinity), bodily size, and appearance are raced and classed, as well as gendered.

1. 
   As they participate in the fight for dramatic reforms, large sections of the population come to realize the necessity of unity of action with the working class and become more active politically.
   
2. 
   There is a popular tendency among most newsmen and radio and TV commentators, to portray Congressmen as men who are working themselves to death, sweating and suffering heart attacks to serve the people.
   
3. 
   He seems to have excluded himself from the vice-presidential candidacy at a time when the public opinion polls report that he is more popular than both the President and the Vice-President.
   
4. 
   The meeting expressed the hope that the remaining points of differences would be settled when the conference is resumed in Geneva.
   
5. 
   Dominated by young people, the demonstration was one of the biggest seen for many years, bringing together around 50 anti-nuclear groups from all over the country.
   
6. 
   The establishment of a group of impartial investigators who would investigate the facts about a particular international dispute appears, at first glance, to be sensible. But neither this idea nor that of a handbook on how to settle disputes has yet been worked out in sufficient detail for its probable success to be judged.
   

1. 
   Какие особенности синтаксического строя английского и русского языков являются причиной трудностей передачи коммуникативной структуры высказывания при переводе?
   
2. 
   Каковы грамматические способы выделения ремы в английском языке? Что вы будете делать при переводе таких структур на русский язык?
   
3. 
   Каковы позиционные способы выделения ремы в английском языке? Что вы будете делать при переводе таких структур на русский язык?
   

1. 
   Найдите рему в каждом предложении. Какие грамматические средства используются для выделения ремы? Переведите предложения на русский язык.
   

1. 
   A rumour spread immediately round the city.
   
2. 
   Three main questions arise.
   
3. 
   At the conference the issues of economic stability will be considered.
   
4. 
   Unequivocal evidence is claimed to be obtained in the new series of experiments.
   

2. 
   Сколько вариантов перевода на русский язык вы можете предложить:
   

1. 
   In front of the carriage rode two men.
   
2. 
   There rode two men in front of the carriage.
   
3. 
   In front of the carriage there rode two men.
   

3. 
   Измените порядок слов в предложениях на неинвертированный. Посмотрите, какие члены предложения меняют свою позицию. Какую роль они выполняют в неинвертированном предложении? Какую роль они выполняют в инвертированном предложении? Какова цель инверсии в каждом случае?
   

1. 
   Hanging on the walls were the pictures of scientists.
   

2. 
   Amazing those pictures were.
   

Переведите все 4 предложения на русский язык.

1. The first approximation is the most important one. Retardation correction is found in it.

2. Some uncertainty, however, arises in the interpretation of these experiments.

3. We don’t go into the details now. More detailed comparisons between experimental results and theory are presented in later sections.

4. The peak split and additional more diffuse lines appeared at higher photon energies.

5. First, the energy of a photon responsible for a particular photo-disintegration effect can be determined. Then some other data can be obtained.

6. John Brown is reported to have been seen at the party.

7. Considerable possibilities were offered for practical exploitation of this apparatus.

8. The field may be due to a system of electric currents. But the question of the prior cause arises in either case.

9. It is interesting to note that characteristic sites can be found in the DNA molecules.

10. The discovery by Crick and Watson was made in the fifties.

11. The above data were compared with those previously obtained on normal healthy individuals.

12. In this respect a wide range of choice exists.

13. A novel empirical method has been developed recently but a different procedure has not been yet discovered so far.

14. The indefinite article rather than the definite one should be used in this context.

15. No negative protons in a region suitable for identification have been observed recently.

16. Important attacks were made on the problem of the Earth’s outer layers by near-earthquake studies.

17. Meanwhile a great deal of progress had been taking place independently on the mathematical front. Studies of wave motion were fashionable among applied mathematicians and much mathematical theory relevant to seismology was produced.

18. As far back as records in the rock take us into the Earth’s history, volcanoes are found to have been present.

19. No machinery was needed to perform this test.

1. 
   In the two reactions are corresponding initial and final states.
   
2. 
   Pencilled on the paper sheet were several diagrams.
   
3. 
   ‘Morality you should respect!’
   
4. 
   She worked hard. But most laughable of all was the work which she had done in opening the clinic for the children and aged people of the township.
   
5. 
   There is already an extraordinary high level of international cooperation in reporting the basic meteorological data.
   
6. 
   Closely related with grammar tense is grammar mood and aspect of verbs.
   
7. 
   ‘A very good week it was!’
   
8. 
   Not cold and blaming was Hesseling now, but an older and wiser brother, very compassionate.
   
9. 
   Enclosed in the test-tubes were the portions of streptolysin which were to be analysed.
   
10. 
    On the installation were mounted a number of devices to be used in the test.
    
11. 
    There were all the tools and devices needed for the test in the small partitions.
    
12. 
    For fourteen years he had lived in Leningrad, and then he went to Moscow.
    
13. 
    At most stations in the central Pacific, three nitrite maxima were observed.
    
14. 
    Standing on the shelves were all the chemical dishes: bulbs, test-tubes, bottles with solvents.
    
15. 
    Fussy she was – a regular old maid.
    
16. 
    Taken here into account are the following two factors: coupled with the phenomenon of population growth is the constantly increasing annual kilowatt usage per capita.
    
17. 
    There is no satisfactory classical explanation for the detailed characteristics of the photo-electric effect.
    
18. 
    He was a student of Wordsworth. His holidays he spent at Dalat.
    

1. 
   The photograph in Howard’s paper demonstrated that it did work.
   
2. 
   It is in special cases that waves reinforce one another.
   
3. 
   Only two intermediate phases are known now.
   
4. 
   ‘Then I was right. You are Fox’s pupil and you did learn the lesson’
   
5. 
   [‘Here is my father coming in!’ She had seen Soames pass the window.] ‘Oh’, said June, and out she went. A moment later Soames came in.
   
6. 
   Just a few transitions have been observed so far.
   
7. 
   It was not until the third injection of the vaccine that the epidemic stopped.
   
8. 
   At least two kinds of interactions have been known so far.
   
9. 
   Great care has been taken to explain the meaning of the tones in every class of utterance on which they can be used.
   
10. 
    In many classifications two rather than three cases of noun are presented.
    
11. 
    They began to play. And very well they played.
    
12. 
    If such a fundamental property did exist, it should be detectable.
    
13. 
    Certain new aspects of the collector mechanism namely the kinetic factor affecting the collector mechanism, will be discussed.
    
14. 
    ‘Nobody knows it better than I do, but damn it, I do feel that way!’
    
15. 
    It was Clausius who in 1857 established the kinetic theory.
    
16. 
    Important are these two great additions – the French and the Latin to the English vocabulary, they did not otherwise much affect the language.
    
17. 
    It is between the scattering cross sections and the characteristics of the scattering nuclei that the connection is established.
    
18. 
    Above we have suggested that the experimental curve might have a smaller width than the shell model strength function distribution.
    
19. 
    ‘Women! Little they knew of women!’
    
20. 
    It was with an odd expectancy that we entered the village that evening.
    

1. 
   These old manuscripts are difficult to read for the reason that there are no spaces between words.
   
2. 
   It was not until seven years had passed since the manuscripts had come into these scientists’ hands that they published them.
   
3. 
   Connected with these ballads is still larger group of miscellaneous romances of adventure.
   
4. 
   Yesterday elections were held. People of different age and at different levels of education took part in the pole.
   
5. 
   ‘Quite grumpy (брюзга) you were, half the time, and downright rude.’
   
6. 
   All the details will not be discussed in the paper. Only a few instances will be given here.
   
7. 
   Intermediate between these two extremes are designs of the device in question.
   
8. 
   Large variations in exposures required to produce death have been found among different organisms.
   
9. 
   Never in his life had he seen such a brilliant sunlight.
   
10. 
    Miss Waren rang the bell and in a moment the maid appeared.
    
11. 
    This statement was followed by a long discussion on the significance and application of the theory.
    
12. 
    Although a great deal has been written about comparative biochemistry, little or no attempt has been made to develop comparative enzyme biochemistry as a separate subject.
    
13. 
    Antarctica is the name of the land around the South Pole. No human inhabitants live here. The penguin is the only resident.
    
14. 
    It were these rapid and recent climatic changes that are undoubtedly attributed to the major features of plant distribution today.
    
15. 
    It is possible, however, that too much emphasis has been placed upon this factor.
    
16. 
    Now the British Museum seems to be not large enough. The great hope is that a new and larger building will arise just opposite the British Museum on the other side of Great Russel Street.
    
17. 
    This discharge does occur where the gas is preionized.
    
18. 
    Rarely had Leonora asked for anything.
    

1

Before Louis Pasteur nobody knew why food became spoilt. Pasteur proved that bacteria caused food to spoil gradually. Systems for canning, cooling, freezing and salting food spread throughout the world. At the end of the 19 th century mechanical refrigerators began to be installed in homes. In the 1920-s came another big revolution in food processing, when quick frozen products appeared. Also, it was Pasteur who explained the formation of wine by fermentation. It is the enzymes of the wine yeasts that are responsible for the fermentation of the grape’s sugar to alcohol.

An International Conference will be held in Nigeria this fall. The Conference will take place in the National Hall, Lagos. English and French will be the working languages of the Conference. All official documents will be issued in these languages. Located in the Press Room is a room equipped with telephones and typewriters. Special traffic arrangements will be operative for the opening Session. A provisional list of delegates will be issued giving the names and titles of representatives and observers. A revised list will be issued subsequently. There will be pigeon holes for all delegations. The distribution of documents for the Press will be handled by the Information Office.

ЕДА

На горячее – по-русски «второе» - вам могут подать самые разные блюда: жареное мясо, курицу (ее, кстати, в России любят и не считают второсортным блюдом), национальные русские блюда типа пельменей (мясо, завернутое в тесто), традиционное русское мясо в горшочках.

Наконец, после всего этого обязательно следует чай. Чай в России любят не меньше, чем в Англии, а вот кофе пьют в основном по утрам и растворимый. Десерт – торты, пироги, конфеты, варенье, мед и т.д. – всегда подают с чаем.

Трудно придется вегетарианцам. В России любят мясо и не мыслят себе праздничный стол без него. Овощи воспринимаются только как гарнир. К тому же в силу климатических и экономических условий зимой и весной овощи и фрукты дороги и не слишком разнообразны. Морозы и экономические сложности приучили людей потреблять сытную пищу, дающую организму большой запас энергии. На людей, которые отказываются от животной пищи, в России смотрят как на богатых чудаков.

• 
  Необходимость соблюсти нормы языка перевода;
  
• 
  Невозможность словосочетания в ПЯ по образцу ИЯ;
  
• 
  Необходимость соблюдения стилистических норм ПЯ;
  
• 
  Особенности актуального членения предложения в английском и русском языках;
  
• 
  Благозвучие;
  
• 
  Семантическая лакуна;
  
• 
  Несовпадение объемов понятий в разных языках;
  
• 
  Семантическая валентность.
  

1. 
   There are signs of life, though – Eiffel has brought design-by-contract to a wider audience, and its benefits have been recognized by efforts such as the Java Modeling Language (JML) which does aim to address both static and dynamic verification. – Тем не менее, такие попытки были, например, язык программирования Eiffel, впервые реализовавший технологию «конкретного проектирования». Преимущества данной технологии бесспорны, она применяется, в частности, в языке моделировании Java, который реализует как статистическую, так и динамическую верификацию.
   
2. 
   The difficulty with using the budget to attack inflation was that a recession might well result, bringing unemployment, lower profits, and bankruptcies. – Сложность использования бюджета как инструмента наступления на инфляцию заключалась в том, что его сокращение также приводило к безработице, низким прибылям и банкротству.
   
3. 
   In this section, we illustrate the proposed methodology by an example: an evolutionary algorithm used to optimize parameters of a production process specified by an external simulation model. – В этой части приводится пример предложенной методологии – эволюционный алгоритм. Этот алгоритм используется для оптимизации параметров производственного процесса, определенного внешней имитационной моделью.
   
4. 
   Understanding this discounting mechanism is a great help in forecasting them. – Понимание этого механизма дисконтирования помогает предвидеть ситуацию на рынке.
   
5. 
   Indeed they do so –otherwise would not survive – but in most cases these innovations are not based on domestic R&D projects. – Соответственно, они так и поступают, иначе было бы не выжить. Однако в большинстве случаев эти инновации не были основаны на отечественных проектах R&D.
   
6. 
   The latter point is interesting. XP says you can refactor and all the tests should still work with no change. – Последний пункт достаточно интересен, ведь согласно технологии экстремального программирования можно провести рефакторинг, и все тесты должны работать без каких-либо изменений.
   
7. 
   Your interest is in the business angle. – Вы заинтересованы с точки зрения бизнеса.
   
8. 
   We’ve all made expensive mistakes – either the full upside by selling too soon, or taking a huge loss by holding a falling stock too long. – Все мы допускали ошибки, которые нам дорого стоили. Это могло быть недополучением прибыли из-за ранней продажи растущей акции, либо большие потери вследствие того, что передержали акцию, стоимость которой падала.
   
9. 
   I am never talking about a few extreme students. I am talking about almost everyone. – То, о чем я говорю, относится не к крайним случаям, а касается почти каждого учащегося.
   
10. 
    When one includes the loan size as an explanatory variable, the resulting estimate of the jumbo – conforming spread essentially double – counts the decrease in mortgage rates arising because of a larger loan size, which must then be subtracted off to calculate the average treatment effect of jumbo-conforming status. – Если в рассмотрении в качестве поясняющей переменной включить размер кредита, то в результате в оценке разрыва между ставками будет дважды учтено увеличение ипотечной ставки по причине большего размера кредита. Поэтому его необходимо вычесть при расчете средних величин для определения значения разрыва между ставками.
    
11. 
    Unemployment could lower wages. – Безработица, например, может вызвать уменьшение заработной платы.
    
12. 
    As usual, the perception of the transformation lagged behind the event. Participants only began to cotton on in the mid-1980s. And they still haven’t done much to change their thinking about this huge market. – Понимание пришло к участникам происходящего только в середине 80-х, но и тогда они не сделали все необходимое для того, чтобы изменить свое мышление по поводу этого глобального рынка.
    
13. 
    These fluctuations did not generate initial conditions at random. Rather they generated a quantum superposition of all possible initial conditions, which coexisted simultaneously. – Эти флуктуации создали первоначальные условия не по случайному принципу, а скорее они создали квантовую суперпозицию всех возможных начальных условий, сосуществовавших одновременно.
    
14. 
    Today, the image of the investor is that of the day trader, an average Joe. – Сегодняшний инвестор – среднестатистический трейдер.
    
15. 
    The curves in Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the results obtained. – Полученные результаты представлены на рис. 2 и 3.
    
16. 
    Unfortunately, our experience indicates that this recommendation is often not followed. – К сожалению, на практике эта рекомендация не всегда выполняется.
    
17. 
    In this white paper special report, you will learn about two of the investing secrets shared by more than 99% of the world’s most successful investors – the key to letting you squeeze every cent of profit from your winners and to getting out with your profits intact. – В данном официальном отчете рассказывается о двух инвестиционных секретах, которыми владеют более 99% наиболее успешных инвесторов со всего мира. Ключ в том, чтобы выжать каждый цент из прибыльных акций и уметь вовремя уйти с полученной прибылью.
    
18. 
    Ordinary investors are ruled by emotions. – Обычным инвестором управляют эмоции.
    
19. 
    Five years have passed since the moment of creation the republic-wide public organization of the Mari people that live in the Udmurt republic. – Прошло пять лет со времени создания общественной организации марийцев, живущих в Удмуртии.
    
20. 
    The applicant is obliged to answer fully any questions asked by the employer. – Кандидат обязан честно отвечать на вопросы, задаваемые работодателем.